Important Sex Linked Disorder That Affects Humans Assignment

Significant Sex Linked Disorder That Affects Humans - Assignment Example Intersection a female with the illness with a male that doesn’t have it will bring about all male posterity having the malady and all females being transporters. At long last, crossing a female and a male both that have the malady will bring about all posterity having it. Numerous hereditary issue are acquired latently. As such the kid must have two duplicates of the allele for it to show phenotypically. One such issue is cystic fibrosis. This condition brings about the abundance develop of bodily fluid in numerous organs including the lungs and liver, just as expanded powerlessness to creating contaminations. Without treatment, the malady regularly brings about death at youth. A cross between a female transporter (Cc) and a male with the sickness (CC) would bring about half of the posterity having the illness, and the other half being bearers. A cross between two transporters (Cc) would bring about a fourth of the posterity having the illness, half being bearers and the last quarter not acquiring the allele. Ultimately, a cross between two people with the malady would bring about the entirety of the posterity having the sickness. ... Along these lines, a cross between two bearers (heterozygotes) would bring about 75% of the posterity having the infection and one not. A cross between a female that didn't have the ailment and a male bearer (heterozygote) would bring about portion of the posterity having the ailment and the other half not. At long last, a cross between two people with the infection relies upon the genotypes of each. On the off chance that both have just one duplicate of the ailment allele, the one-quarterer of their posterity won't have the malady. Nonetheless, on the off chance that even one of them is homozygous, at that point all posterity will have the sickness.

No Child Left Behind is the Way to Get Ahead Essay -- Education Politi

No Child Left Behind is the Way to Get Ahead There are numerous understudies in America today that are battling to measure up. These understudies have not been given all chances and chances that they ought to have been given to have the option to arrive at a more significant level of training. Presently youngsters have an approach to have the option to get to the scholarly level that they legitimately merit. President George W. Hedge has made an arrangement for the future and an approach to get the entirety of our nations understudies to flourish in the training framework and throughout everyday life. With this activity, America will have the option to close the accomplishment hole between the Caucasian higher pay understudies, and the lower pay minority understudies. No Child Left Behind is the main way that lower salary minority understudies will have the option to succeed, and get the merited consideration that they need as evaluation tests, and greater educators. In 2001, President George W. Hedge proposed an arrangement to close the hole between understudies in the United States training framework. The demonstration was then reclassified and gone in 2002, and was completely placed into impact. President Bush realized that the training framework in a difficult situation and confronted the issues head on, tending to them and proposing arrangements in this demonstration. To ensure that understudies would increase present expectations, an arrangement of evaluation tests were placed into request, and will make an observing framework with the understudies progress (Fact Sheet). Understudies will presently have a record of grades in arithmetic and in perusing. These scores will guarantee that the understudies will gain ground. The scores will likewise be available to guardians with the goal that they can check understudies progress (Fact Sheet). With these scores which the guardians will have the option to check, they can ... ...ference. The value of educators needs to increment, done. There is a requirement for additional assets for instructive projects, no issue. The information on the minority understudies in the state funded educational system should be raised, it’s met. With this demonstration the entirety of the scholarly issues that American understudies face will be wiped out over the span of time. No youngster will have the dread that they won't fulfill the guidelines of our country, or that they will fall behind some other understudy. America needs assistance, and America needs the No Child Left behind Act for the eventual fate of our nation. Works Cited Delisio, Ellen R. â€Å"No Child Left Behind: What it Means to You.† Education World 2002. <www.educationworld.com>. â€Å"Fact Sheet: No Child Left Behind Act.† Whitehouse.gov January 2002. <www.whitehouse.com>. â€Å"Reaching Out†¦ Raising Achievement.† Ed.gov 2004. <www.ed.gov>.

Effects of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Impacts of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Dynamic Endeavor asset arranging (ERP) frameworks are the most aspiring, modern utilization of data innovation (IT) by organizations to date. Chiefs must look at the gigantic speculations of assets and time to be focused on an ERP usage against the noteworthy advantages that might be gotten from ERP frameworks in a domain in which customary capital planning dynamic models may not be proper. The motivation behind this examination is to decide whether ERP usage have achieved huge changes on enormous businesses in India, by responding to questions different investigations have not replied. This examination is spurred both by an energy about the greatness of a companys choice to put resources into an ERP framework and by the way that other research to date contains constraints of extension or technique that may decrease the unwavering quality of announced outcomes. As needs be, this investigation analyzes achievement components of ERP executions. The consequences of this exploration are fundamentally more dependable than aftereffects of different examinations since this examination looks at whether the ERP frameworks yield considerable advantages to the organizations that embrace them, and that the selection dangers don't surpass the normal worth, in spite of the fact that there is some proof (from investigation of monetary influence) that proposes that organizations do see ERP tasks to be dangerous. There likewise gives off an impression of being an ideal degree of utilitarian joining in ERP with benefits declining at some level, reliable with diseconomies of extension for exceptionally enormous usage, as one would commonly anticipate. Presentation 1.1 Background Data frameworks exist in many people groups working lives. It is presently commonly acknowledged that the data framework world is one where human, social and authoritative elements are as significant as the innovative (Avison et al. 2001).The business condition is changing significantly and so as to remain serious in the market, associations must improve their strategic policies and methodology. Associations inside all offices and capacities update their ability to create and convey exact and convenient data. During the most recent decades, ventures have concentrated on Information Technology (IT) and actualized different applications to robotize their business forms. These applications were not created in an organized manner yet have developed because of the most recent mechanical advancements. Subsequently different combination issues were caused in light of the fact that the applications couldn't co-work and divergent IT arrangements couldn't tie together (Thermistocleous and Iran i, 2000). Preceding the idea of ERP frameworks, offices inside an association (for instance, the (HR) division, the finance office, and the financials office) would have their own PC frameworks. The HR PC framework would regularly contain data on the division, announcing structure, and individual subtleties of workers. The finance division would normally compute and store check data. The financials office would normally store money related exchanges for the association. Every framework would need to depend on a lot of regular information to speak with one another. For the HRIS to send compensation data to the finance framework, a representative number would should be alloted and stay static between the two frameworks to precisely distinguish a worker. The financials framework was not keen on the representative level information, yet just in the payouts made by the finance frameworks, for example, the assessment installments to different specialists, installments for worker advantages to suppli ers, etc. This gave entanglements. For example, an individual couldn't be paid in the finance framework without a representative number. Be that as it may, later ERP programming, in addition to other things, joined the information of once in the past independent applications. This made the concern of keeping numbers in synchronization over different frameworks vanishes. It normalized and diminished the quantity of programming strengths required inside bigger associations (Slater, 1999). 1.2 Evolution of ERP The advancement of ERP frameworks was after the terrific improvements in the field of PC equipment and programming frameworks. In 1960s numerous associations planned, created and executed brought together figuring frameworks, which were practically similar to computerizing their stock control frameworks utilizing stock bundles (IC). These were inheritance framework dependent on their programming dialects, for example, COBOL, ALGOL and FORTRAN. Material prerequisite arranging (MRP) frameworks were created in 1970s, which includes many arranging the item or parts necessities as indicated by the ace creation plan (Okrent Vokurka, 2004). Following this framework another product framework called fabricating asset arranging (MRP II) was presented in 1980s with an accentuation on advancing assembling process by synchronizing the materials with creation necessities. Territories like shop floor and appropriation the executives, human asset, money, venture the executives and building goes under MRP II (Okrent Vokurka, 2004). ERP frameworks previously showed up in late 1980s and in the start of 1990s with the intensity of big business wide between utilitarian co-appointment and joining. In light of the innovative establishments of MRP and MRP II, ERP frameworks coordinate business forms including producing, bookkeeping, human asset, dissemination, budgetary, venture the board, administration and upkeep, transportation, availability, perceivability and consistency over the undertaking (Okrent Vokurka, 2004). During 1990s ERP sellers included more modules and capacities as added favorable position profoundly modules bringing forth the ‘Extended ERP. These ERP expansions incorporate early arrangement and booking (APS), e-business arrangement, for example, costumer relationship the executives (CRM) and gracefully chain the board (SCM) (Okrent Vokurka, 2004). 1.3 About ERP frameworks During the 1990s, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) frameworks was presented as â€Å"integrated suites† that incorporated a wide scope of programming items supporting everyday business activities and dynamic. ERP serves numerous enterprises and various utilitarian territories in a coordinated manner, endeavoring to mechanize activities from gracefully chain the executives, stock control, fabricating planning and creation, deals support, client relationship the executives, monetary and cost bookkeeping, HR and practically some other information situated administration process. ERP frameworks have gotten progressively pervasive in the course of the most recent 10 years. Undertaking asset arranging (ERP) frameworks are the most eager, advanced utilization of data innovation (IT) by organizations to date. Administrators must look at the huge ventures of assets and time to be focused on an ERP usage against the noteworthy advantages that might be gotten from ERP frameworks in a s ituation in which customary capital planning dynamic models may not be proper. The permit/support income of ERP showcase was $17.2 billion dollars in 1998, it is relied upon to be $24.3 billion dollars in 2000, and ERP frameworks have been executed in over 60% of global firms. This market additionally cuts across ventures for instance, two of the universes most popular programming organizations, IBM and Microsoft, presently run a large portion of their business on programming neither of them makes, the SAP R/3 ERP bundle made by SAP AG (OLeary, 2000). The intrigue of the ERP frameworks is clear. While most associations ordinarily had programming frameworks that performed a significant part of the segment elements of ERP, the normalized and coordinated ERP programming condition gives a level of interoperable that was troublesome and costly to accomplish with remain solitary, specially constructed frameworks. For instance, when a sales rep enters a request in the field, the exchange can promptly move through to other utilitarian zones both inside and outer to the firm. The request may trigger a quick change underway plans, stock levels or workers timetables, or lead to the computerized age of solicitations and credit assessments for the client and buy orders from providers. Notwithstanding process robotization, the capacity of ERP frameworks to spread convenient and precise data additionally empowers improved administrative and laborer dynamic. Chiefs can settle on choices dependent on current information, while singular specialists can have more prominent access to data, empowering expanding appointment of expert for creation choices just as improved correspondences to clients (OLeary, 2000). 1.4 Model layer of ERP A Global Business Process Model is made which speaks to the entire ERP programming item. This model is layered in 3 more profound levels. The main level is the System Configuration Level, which scopes on significant level alternative on the whole framework. Alternative definition is in this manner static: when an elevated level choice of the ERP framework is picked to be utilized inside the association, the decision can't be made changed. One level further is the Object Level, which scopes on single information objects. The alternative on this level is progressively powerful. The most reduced level is the Occurrence level, which examinations single procedure events. Since this level expounds on object parameters, the alternative is dynamic, implying that choices can without much of a stretch be adjusted (Garg and venkitakrishnan, 2006). 1.5 Case study We methodicallly study the profitability and business execution impacts of ERP utilizing an interesting dataset on firms that have bought licenses for the SAP R/3 framework, the most generally embraced ERP bundle. Over the most recent 30 years, SAP has become the worldwide pioneer in business programming, serving in excess of 38,000 clients around the world, including associations of each size and type. En route, SAP has collected a one of a kind information base of best practices in excess of 25 enterprises. The SAP convention of initiative proceeds with another gen

Wonhyo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wonhyo - Essay Example He did a lot of his work in transforming and taking Buddhism to individuals who didn't think about it. He carried on with a strict life. His significant spotlight depended on orchestrating profound standards with the genuine every day life so as to achieve focused on objective. In deciphering the significance of Buddhism he utilized move, music and writing. The three were the things which were esteemed by a lion's share of the Koreans, subsequently chose to join them in his method of spreading Buddhism to the Korean individuals. He accepted that in the event that he utilized the things individuals communicated with most in their every day exercises he might contact them without any problem. In fact he effectively accomplished his objective of spreading Buddhism in Korea. This shows his methodology was great. He impacted numerous individuals thus the religion of Buddhism widely spread in Korea. His effect in Korean Buddhism religion is recalled state-of-the-art. 1 De Bary, William The odore. 2008. Wellsprings of East Asian convention. New York: Columbia University Press. His life spread over through three domain rules. Toward the beginning of the unified Silla, he played an exceptionally critical obligation in the inviting and acclimatization of the more extensive degree of conventional practices which entered the Korean Penisula around then. He was the main individual to mastermind and schematize Buddhism of Korea presenting the numerous regulations and orchestrated them to suit both everyday citizens and theory researchers. The thought which was noteworthy to his work of blending Buddhism rehearses was the hypothesis of understanding which rotates far and wide yet not past it. He edified Korean individuals on the Buddhism religion. He is an unbelievable among the ten Sages of the old Kingdom of Korea. His amazing was because of his work that he did particularly in changing Buddhism in Korea. He appreciated the religion of Buddhism to a degree that he could pers evere through horrible conditions to spread the it and persuade the two researchers and lay people to be joined in Buddhism standards and customs. The way of thinking of Wonhyo is certain in light of the impact of Taoism. He had acquired his Budhism lessons from Madiyamika. Unique in relation to Nagarjuna, who declined the improvement all things considered, Wonhyo acclimatized them into a solitary structure. A definitive objective of the two was the equivalent regardless of having various worries in harmonization. The point of view of hermeneutic of wonhyo is created on an exhaustive wide-going understanding which fused the standards of Taoism and Buddhism of Indians. Wonhyo worked together with other Chinese partners and acquainted the religion of Buddhism with the court of the Kingdom of Kuguryo. Right now, Siila, Baekje and Silla were the main realms in Korea. Wonhyo framed a gathering of individuals who were mindful in spreading Buddhism to other two realms; Silla and Baekje. Th e proliferation was extremely productive in that he and his gathering had figured out how to persuade and draw in individuals to receive the religion of Buddhism. He thought them the conventions, standards and practices of Buddhism. He thought them the significance of complying with the standards and conventions and the results they would confront on the off chance that they abused them. He consolidated the hole which existed between the educated men such the logicians, scholars and pundits and the basic layman individuals. The savants were mindful in considering the religion and supporting for customs and standards which to them appeared to be right and right and could profit the network of Buddhism. At first, the relationship which existed between the Buddhism rationalists and layman individuals was cold. This could be an incredible obstacle in the selection of religion and usage of its standards. Wonhyo felt that clearing the awful relations between the two gatherings could upgra de the

Durga Puja Essay

Durga Puja Essay Kolkata, the city of bliss, as it is known, has been commending the Durga Puja since ages. Durga Puja, the greatest celebration of the Bengalis, is the love of Shakti or the Divine Power. As the vast majority of the strict festivals around the globe, the Durga Puja additionally has a legend of the battle between the great and the malice. The dull powers in the long run surrendered to the heavenly. I can even now recall that I used to adore the Durga Puja as a little kid as it was an event to get a month long excursion in school. Probably the most established memory of the Durga Puja is that of the development of the immense pandals in transit over from my school. My companions and I used to play find the stowaway in those pandals until some irate uncle would control us out refering to some weak reasons. Another memory is that of playing with companions from the area for the duration of the day. Actually, the times of the pujas were the main four days of the year when I could remain out till night but then no one would reprove me. As indicated by Hindu folklore, Durga Puja was at first acted in the long stretch of Basanta or spring time. This was known as Basanti Puja. Rama previously did the love of Devi Durga in the long stretch of Ashwin, an uncommon time for this Puja and subsequently it is known as Akalbodhan, which means an uncustomary time of beginning. It is said that hundred blue lotuses are required for this Puja to be a triumph. He could discover just 99 and henceforth offered one of his eyes as a substitute of the hundredth rose. His commitment satisfied Devi Durga who favored him and he at last prevailed upon Ravana, murdering him all the while. The fight was begun on Saptami, by and large acknowledged as the beginning day of the Durga Puja, and finished on the period among Astami and Navami, called the Sandikhan, or the time in the middle. Ravanas body was incinerated on Dashami, celebrated all through India as Dussera, implying the triumph of the great over the fiendishness. Durga Puja goes back to the sixteenth century, during the Mughal period. Legend has it that the primary Durga Puja was sorted out by lord Kangshanarayan of Teherpur in the Nadia area of West Bengal. Ruler Jagatnarayan of Bhaduria before long trailed. Step by step Durga Puja turned into the incredible yearly celebration that united family, companions, and neighbors, injecting life into the everyday existence of the town networks. By the mid eighteenth century, this celebration of the Bengalis had become the main event of the ridiculously wealthy landowners, known as babus in Bengali, to parade their riches. They welcomed the Europeans during each night of the five-day long occasion to effortlessness the event with their essence and participate in their devouring. The nearness and interest of the British notables turned into a matter of pride and notoriety for their hosts. According to the Calcutta Chronicle there were other prominent local people who started to have the British at their Durga Puja. In spite of the fact that there is a lot of disarray about the origin of Durga Puja in Kolkata, some accept that the group of Saborno Chowdhury held the most seasoned Puja in the city, going back to 1610 close Sakher Bazar in Behala. Other old Pujas incorporate that began by Govindaram Mitra of Kumartuli and the one at the castle at Sovabazar, known as Sovabazar Rajbari, began by King Nabakrishna Deb of North Kolkata. Where singular activities declined, aggregate venture acted the hero even in the early years. Around 1790, 12 Brahmin companions in Guptipara in the Hoogly region of West Bengal, chose to begin a network Puja. Memberships were raised from the neighbors for the Pujas. This is supposed to be the beginning of the outside Pujas in West Bengal, prevalently known as Baro-yari puja(meaning twelve companions), which picked up notoriety by a wide margin. The Sarvojanin Durgostav, truly meaning everybodys Puja, as we probably am aware it today began a lot later in Kolkata in the 1920s.The most seasoned Sarvojanin Durgostav is that of Bazbazar Sarvojanin, close to the bank of the sacred Ganges, at Bazbagar. Despite the fact that the festivals around Durga Puja endures more than four days, for the most part from Saptami to Dashami, the state of mind of the Durga Puja sets in a lot prior in the life of the individuals of Bengal. It begins with the symbol making at the renowned Kumartuli, a spot popular for its excellent mud icons of Gods and Goddesses and ceramics. The whole procedure of formation of the symbols or murti, as it is usually known as; from the assortment of dirt to the ornamentation is a heavenly procedure, administered by customs and different ceremonies. On the Hindu date of Akshaya Tritiya when the Ratha Yatra is held, mud for the icons is gathered from the banks of a waterway, ideally the Ganges. After the necessary ceremonies, the earth is shipped from which the icons are designed. A significant occasion is Chakkhu Daan, actually gift of the eyes. Beginning with Devi Durga, the eyes of the symbols are painted on Mahalaya or the principal day of the Pujas. Prior to paint ing on the eyes, the craftsmans quick for a day and eat just vegan food. Kumartuli is a spot which is exceptionally near my great guardians living arrangement. My granddad used to assume me to this position and gave me how symbols were produced using bamboo, earth and roughage. The Sharatkal or the harvest time season carries with it the ever known strands of white mists and light cool wind which helps each Bengali to remember the proximity of the Durga Puja. The Kashful, a bloom generally connected with fall and the greatest celebration of harvest time, the Durga Puja is another image that helps each Bengali to remember the propitious event. At that point the opportunity arrives for Mahalaya. My dad used to wake us up at 4 in the first part of the day to tune in to the All India Radio where the evergreen voice of Birendra Kishore Bhadra and Pankaj Kumar Mullick still rings in my ears. Prior it was directed live however now a recorded variant is communicated precisely on a similar time and still it makes a similar impact to the audience members. At the point when I was in my lesser school, I was an individual from the Rama Krishna Mission show and play group. Upon the arrival of Mahalaya we used to sanction a play on goddess Durga. I despite everything recollect the month long practices before the occasion. After school I used to go to Rama Krishna Mission for practices of the demonstrations. The feeling of accomplishment after fruitful ordering of the play was actually a memory to value. What's more, the frozen yogurt treat from my mom made it even more significant. The icon of Goddess Durga has 10 hands which hold 10 distinct weapons used to battle the malicious, Asura. It is accepted that Goddess Durga got the 10 weapons from 10 distinct Gods who gave their weapons to Goddess Durga to consolidate everything that is in them to battle the underhandedness, as Asura was superb by some other God. The conch shell in Durga's grasp represents the Pranava or the spiritualist word Om The bow and bolts speak to vitality. The jolt means immovability. The lotus in Durga's grasp isn't in completely sprouted, it representing assurance of progress however not irrevocability. The Sudarshan-Chakra implies that the whole world is compliant to the desire of Durga. The blade that Durga holds in one of her hands represents information. Durga's trident or trishul is an image of three characteristics Satwa (latency), Rajas (movement) and Tamas (non-action). Devi Durga picked the lion as her vehicle or Vahana, which means the subduing of the unsettled areas. As a kid I used to be somewhat scared of the gigantic lion. My mom used to consistently say that Goddess Durga would send her lion to rebuff me on the off chance that I did some wickedness. However, bit by bit as I grew up, I began preferring the Vahana of Goddess Durga. In my school, I was even chosen as one of the appointed authorities for best lion challenge led by my school. Lighting, in and around the Puja pandals, additionally structure a fundamental piece of this intricate beautifications. Chandannagar is where a large portion of the enormous network pujas hope to complete their lightings from. Generally lights of various hues were utilized to embellish different pandals however these days for the most part light emanating diodes of different hues are utilized to spare power just as complete the distinctive many-sided assortments much effectively utilizing microchip chips. As a youngster I was an extraordinary fanatic of one of the Pujas held at College Square. It was well known for its lighting courses of action. As it is one of the most well known pujas which draws in a gigantic group, my dad used to take me to visit this puja pandal in early hours when the light would be still on and the group likewise would be less. Ceremonial drummers or dhakis, as they are regularly known as, likewise add to the feeling of the Durga Puja. The dhunuchi nach and the beat of the drums is something which goes connected at the hip. Numerous nearby rivalries are held to discover the best dhunuchi artist and it is actually a matter of pride for the Bengali male to have won such an opposition. Numerous Bengali movies and music collections are distributed to match with the Puja. Numerous magazines, similar to the Anandamela and Shuktara, among others, think of a unique Puja Special issue only for this event. As a kid I was incredible devotee of Shuktara and step by step I moved from the Anandamela to Desh. In Kolkata alone, in excess of 2,000 pandals are set up, all clamoring for the profound respect and commendation of the people. The city is embellished with lights. Traffic grinds to a halt, and without a doubt, a great many people desert their vehicles to go by foot after a point. An uncommon team is sent to control peace. Durga Puja in Kolkata is regularly alluded to as the Rio Carnival of the Eastern Hemisphere. In my school, I was more inspired by pandal-jumping than being a piece of my neighborhood Puja. My companions and I used to go pandal-jumping for the duration of the day and now and again even for the duration of the night. Around then the quantity of pandals secured used to be an incredible matter of pride and every one of my companions attempted to rival each other to visit the most elevated number of pandals. Toward the finish of four days, the symbol is taken for drenching in a parade in the midst of boisterous serenades of Bolo Durga mai-ki jai (greatness be to Mother

AIDS Walk San Francisco

AIDS Walk San Francisco This Sunday, I am participating in the 2006 AIDS Walk San Francisco. My friend Tiffany 06 invited me to join her companys team, and Laura 06 will be walking with us as well. If youre in the Bay Area this weekend, please join the 10K event. We leave from the eastern end of Golden Gate Park. 9:00 a.m. Sign-In opens 9:30 a.m. Aerobic Warm-Up sponsored by Kaiser Permanente. 9:45 a.m. Opening Ceremony in Sharon Meadow. 10:30 a.m. AIDS Walk begins! 12:30 p.m. Post-Walk concert and family entertainment in Sharon Meadow Official SF AIDS Walk website And now for the fundraising: This is a very important issue to me so I have set an ambitious fundraising goal. I want to do as much as I can to make a difference in the lives of men, women, and children affected by HIV and AIDS. Even though there has been a lot of publicity about drug treatments which are prolonging some peoples lives, they dont work for everyone and there is still no cure in sight. Moreover, young people are still getting infected at alarmingly high rates. I want your help. Will you please sponsor me for the AIDS Walk? Just click on the website address below to enter my personalized web page and charge your donation. Thank you, in advance, for supporting this important cause and for showing that you join me in wanting to end this epidemic. Mitras AIDS Walk site Thanks.

A Reflection Of Mankind In Hamlet - Free Essay Example

Hamlet Analysis William Shakespeares Hamlet provides a deep analysis into the lives of the plays characters and how their actions reflect mankind. The play is centered around a young prince, Hamlet, who learns of a tragic event that will impact his life immensely. Hamlets father has died and his uncle, Claudius, has married Hamlets mother and now occupies the throne as king of Denmark. Upon Hamlets arrival to Denmark to mourn the death of his father, he encounters what appears to be the ghost of his deceased father. The Ghost informs Hamlet that the late king was murdered by Claudius and urges Hamlet to seek revenge. Provided with this rather heavy news concerning his fathers death, Hamlet decides to set out on a journey to discover the truth for himself. It is not uncommon for an individual to take risks to reach success. Many times, in order to achieve a certain goal, a sacrifice must be made. In Hamlet, the characters often delve into acts of deception and betrayal for the sake of obtaining something, implementing revenge, or masking the truth. These two themes remain constant throughout the progression of the play as each character participates in dishonesty and disloyalty to one another in attempt to satisfy their own selfish gains. The actions and relationships between the characters explores the dual nature of humankind and how reality often falls short of expectations. However truthful or trustworthy a character may appear to the audience, Shakespeare adds in a twist that alters the entire play. The satisfaction of ones desires and the advancement of ones power in society serve a huge role in the play. As such, the characters will often go to great lengths to achieve this. Throughout the play, Hamlet frequently falls victim to the betrayal of those from his own family. Knowing that Hamlet was still in despair over his fathers passing, Gertrude, Hamlets mother and queen of Denmark, was quick to jump into a bed of incest with Claudius (1.2.156-157). This course of action perhaps acts as a catalyst to Hamlets madness and possibly serves as an underlying motive for avenging his fathers death. In addition, Claudius, current king of Denmark and Hamlets uncle, claims to love Hamlet as a son, though it is clear that his intentions lie elsewhere. By killing King Hamlet, Claudius has claimed the throne, satisfied his ambition, and married the queen. Though he is fully aware that his soul is stuck to sin, and the more it struggles to break free, the more it sticks, he is not ready to g ive up his power (3.3.69-70). It goes without saying that Claudius is indeed not remorseful, since after sensing a shift in Hamlets disposition, Claudius takes immediate action to ensure that the truth remains hidden. Not only do Gertrude and Claudius fall into a selfish state, but they hurt Hamlet in the act of doing so. The ghost of King Hamlet is an important influencer in determining the fate of the characters. It is the supplier of information regarding what is said to be the truth and ultimately, the creator of conflict within the play. Upon Hamlets interaction with the Ghost, the young prince begins to question himself and his sanity. The Ghost wants Hamlet to revenge his foul and unnatural murder, yet Hamlet is presented with a moral dilemma (1.5.31). Though ending Claudius life may bring Hamlet peace, it does not guarantee an end to all his troubles. During the play, Hamlet sees an opportunity to kill Claudius for his wrong acts, yet notices that Claudius is kneeling in prayer. This leads Hamlet to decide that killing someone while they are praying will only send to heaven, but Hamlet wants Claudius to suffer in hell (3.3.75-85). It is ironic to note, however, that what Claudius prayer entailed was not what one would expect. Instead, Claudius admits that he is not ready to surrender what he g ained from the murder. Therefore, Hamlet could have easily acted had he not mistrusted his own intuition. It appears Hamlets hesitation to act is a betrayal not only to himself, but to his father. He is at a constant war with his own thoughts and feelings. The doubt of his own rationality sends Hamlet further into his madness, which only contributes further to his downfall. The truth of a situation will always find its way out one way or another. In the play, Hamlet struggles a great deal with indecisiveness and the inability to act. As a result, he turns to religion to seek guidance while attempting to muster up the strength to kill his uncle. This internal conflict is ongoing and remains a constant obsession for him throughout the play. Claudius, on the other hand, acts on his intuition without any forethought. It can be noted that Claudius is a foil to Hamlet as these two characters differ greatly in their moral values and actions. Claudius speculations about what Hamlet may or may not know sends him into a state of unease, thus he decides to send Hamlet away to England. Not only does Claudius deceive the people of Denmark by killing their king, but he tries to justify Hamlets leave by saying it is for the princes own good. Out of fear of being discovered as a murderer, Claudius also delivers a letter to England ordering the death of Hamlet so as to preserve his position as king (4.3.60-64). At the end of the play, however, death takes the lives of many of the main characters. The truth is poisonous and once it is revealed, it is like a mouse caught in [his] own trap (5.2.302). Hamlet is an eloquently composed tragedy that reveals how deceit and betrayal can lead to ones demise. Often times, the characters sacrifice their relationships with one another to fulfill their own desires. Claudius and Gertrude put an emotional strain on Hamlets mind in order to achieve personal satisfaction. Additionally, Hamlet must shoulder the burden of his fathers death and decide how to implement action against it. The play reveals not only an ongoing struggle with ones family and friends, but a war with oneself. Though many people want to know the truth of a situation, it can sometimes lead to unbearable conflict. Through the interactions and responses between the characters, Shakespeare illustrates the best and the worst that can arise from human nature.

Managerial Competency - 1166 Words

Introduction ‘‘Competency-based strategic management is a relatively new way of thinking about how organizations gain high performance for a significant period of time. Established as a theory in the early 1990s, competence-based strategic management theory explains how organizations can develop sustainable competitive advantage in a systematic and structural way. The theory of competence-based strategic management is an integrative strategy theory that incorporates economic, organizational and behavioural concerns in a framework that is dynamic, systemic, cognitive and holistic (Sanchez and Heene, 2004). This theory defines competence as: the ability to sustain the coordinated deployment of resources in ways that helps an organization†¦show more content†¦An alternative would be to set a reminder that will alert one on what to do at a specific time. Teamwork Competency Accomplishing tasks through small groups of people who are collectively responsible and whose work is interdependent requires teamwork competency (Hellriegel Jackson, Slocum Amos Klopper, Louw Oosthuizen, 2007, Page 15). A united nation is a winning nation; teamwork is about working together to achieve a certain goal. Communities work together for example to fight the socio-economic problem which is crime, in turn making it a safer environment. In the same sense businesses work as a team to improve efficiency in the working environment. When it comes to designing a team, team-building strategies work best, as the strategy brings employees together creating a close relationship amongst them and making them work as a more united team. Relating teamwork competency to the author, a negative result will be the outcomes, as the author believes that working alone is more effective, but people have different opinions on the subject. Global Awareness Competency Carrying out an organization’s managerial work by drawing on the human, financial, information, and material resources from multiple countries. People watch the news to stay informed of what is happening around the world and in their communities. Researching what causes inflation is part of global awareness, when an individual decides they want to go work overseas they undergoShow MoreRelatedManagerial Competencies2341 Words   |  10 PagesQuestion 1. List the three managerial competencies that have led to your success so far in your job. List your strength and, for each strength listed, determine how that strength might get you into trouble and why is it so difficult to become and effective middle manager? Answer Managerial competencies is defined as sets of knowledge, skills, behaviours, and attitudes that a manager needs in order to be effective in a wide range of managerial jobs and various organizational setting. There wereRead MoreCompetency Mapping4505 Words   |  19 PagesA lot is going on in recent times on the issue of competency mapping. A lot of resource is spent and consultants are invited to do competency mapping. Competency mapping is gaining much more importance and organizations are aware of having good human resources or putting the right people on right job. Competency mapping is important and is an essential exercise. Every well managed firm should have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. Such listRead MoreHow Does the Development of Core Competencies Provide Both Advantages and Disadvantages for an Organisation?1642 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of core competencies provide both advantages and disadvantages for an organisation? What steps can managers take to prevent core competencies becoming core rigidities?† In today’s world competition among firms becomes globalized and more intense. In order to become superiorly competitive, companies should enhance its competencies in a way that will allow them to achieve dominant position in a market. One way of accomplishing it is by development of core competencies. Competencies are consideredRead MoreAnalyzing The Pros And Cons Of The Following Options1618 Words   |  7 Pagesonly the top talent ), these measures will only serve to increase the costs of operating in this environment and undermine the primary driver for entering the country. Further, obtaining the right mix of cost and quality will require significant managerial oversight, which the firm may not have the bandwidth to provide. Profitability gains may not be achieved due to rising wages and infrastructure costs. According to the case, the nature of working in India is such that there is significant competitionRead MoreCase Study - Intel This is a strategic management case3101 Words   |  13 Pagesopen-minded workplace. Given the dynamic industry Intel is operating in, innovation can be obtained through investing heavily in Research and Development (RD). All the above-mentioned strengths may only feature in an organisation that has great managerial vision; in other words, Intels management was able to analyse the changing patterns of the industry, make choices (see the buying options) and implement them quickly (i.e. strategic flexibility) in order to achieve competitiveness. Finally, anotherRead MoreCompetency Inventory4444 Words   |  18 PagesFunctional Competency Inventory and Design by Jai Cortes I. Title of the Diagnostic Tool: Functional Competency Inventory and Design II. Overview of the Diagnostic Tool a. Definition In a nutshell, functional competency inventory and design, is a tool which aims to measure the competencies of functional groups of organizations, which are affected by their respective core objectives. In 1973, McClelland supported â€Å"testing for competence, rather than intelligence.† By definition, competencies are â€Å"generalRead MoreCase Analysis2674 Words   |  3 Pageshis professions; this just means his technical skills took a lower priority. The capacity model by Michael Mumford contains five components. The skills that attributed to the success of Coach Knight are the individual attributes. The skills of competency, motivation and more specifically problem solving skills were the skills he possessed according to this model. He had a deficit in his social judgment skills and environmental influences that, in turn, worked well for Coach K and to his successRead MoreManaging Organizational Behavior And Management1720 Words   |  7 Pages Managing organizational behavior Managing organizational behavior is a complex issue which requires application of various managerial skills and competencies. In order for the management to be effective in carrying out its functions of controlling, leading, planning and organizing which more often than not involve the participation of the non-managerial staff, it needs to be effective in managing the behavior of its employees. Effective motivation of employees and observation of ethics in dealingRead MoreIntegrated Family Wellness ( Ifw ) A Alternative Medicine Medical Clinic1584 Words   |  7 Pagesconjecture, at this point. Executive Summary The preliminary task analysis identified the key tasks, competencies and skills required to perform the job at the most efficient level. After consulting with the owner and key staff, the job descriptions were updated, taking each description, a skill analyses and outlining of competencies were identified for the positions mentioned in the handbook. These competencies are then used to discover specific training needs. This is particularly useful due to the factRead MoreManagerial Effectiveness: A Concise Definition803 Words   |  3 Pageseffective leaders at the helm so as to remain relevant. In this text, I concern myself with managerial effectiveness. Managerial Effectiveness: A Concise Definition In basic terms, managerial effectiveness can be taken to be the achievement of the desired organizational goals, results as well as objectives by taping on the unique abilities of the management. Indeed, as Certo Certo (2006) note, managerial effectiveness has largely got to do with the accomplishment of the prevailing organizational

To the Daisy and The Stolen Boat by William Wordsworth Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The poet assigns the role of transformation from adolescence to maturity to nature and cites circumstances to show the impact on his young mind. The Stolen Boat is one such creation where the poet talks about himself as a young boy who steals a boat in the night. The scary cliff looms dark and large before him. This reminds the poet of his act of stealth and guilt. This is a single verse, 44-line poem. The following lines reveal his state of mind affected deeply by nature: Of sea or sky, no colors of green fields; But huge and mighty forms, that do not liveLike living men moved slowly through the mindBy day, and were a trouble to my dreams (Wordsworth and Morley, 274)Unfathomable perception and inexplicable sense of fear troubled the innocent mind of the young boy. The situation conveyed in the Stolen Boat may be described as, a disquietude, an intimation of uncanny threat .projections of guilt, evoke the horror of death retain a psychological ambivalence and mystery (Ulmer, 53) The otherwise harmless objects of nature surrounding him remind him of his act of stealth. We will write a custom essay sample on To the Daisy and The Stolen Boat by William Wordsworth or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Analysis Of The Poem Three Quatrains By Faiz Ahmed...

When one thinks about the country India the first thing that will come to their mind is their rich, colorful clothes and animals that are part of their culture. Most do not think of the literature in India, and how life is incorporated into their writing. A common theme throughout Indian literature is life, and literary elements were used to reveal themes throughout their writing. A theme of pain in the narrator s life was explained more to the reader through the use of personification, repetition, and irony. These literary elements make the narrator s pain become more prominent and have more of an impact on the reader. Personification appeared often throughout Faiz Ahmed Faiz’s poems. The use of personification throughout his poems†¦show more content†¦By using repetition it adds more meaning to how the narrator is feeling. There are places that have sentimental value to the narrator, and the reader can see this through repetition. â€Å"[G]ate is still open† and â€Å"no gate opens† the reader can tell that gates are have an important meaning to the narrator since they are repeated (Faiz 551-552). Also since the gate is repeated in a positive and a negative way, the reader can see the connection the narrator has with feeling pain and the gates. The relationship the narrator has can be explained through repetition. The pain is greater than the relationship, â€Å"this night is the tree of pain, greater than you or me,† and, â€Å"this night, the tree of pain, vaster than you or me† ( Faiz 552). Since the narrator refers to the, â€Å"night, the tree of p ain†, could mean that the narrator has levels and parts of pain that are like branches of a tree. It also reveals what causes pain for the narrator. â€Å"My tormenter, my love, be near me† shows the reader the narrator had loved someone, but they left the narrator (Faiz 553-554). The pain will not be perfectly gone unless the person the narrator loves is with him. Along with personification and repetition the author used irony to show the theme of pain in the narrator. Along with Faiz Ahmed Faiz using personification and repetition throughout his poems, he also used irony. Irony is normally used in a

Healthy Eating And Body Image - 1720 Words

In today’s day in age, everyone is looking for the most effective form of weight loss that guarantees quick, lasting results. When looking for a commercial diet, our group was very familiar with a local meal replacement company, A Newtritional U, and was interested to see if this diet plan was overall nutritious. Several members of our group loved the meal replacement shakes and would consider these products to be a healthy meal alternative. Throughout this paper, we will discuss how A Newtritional U markets their products, the overall nutritional value of the products, and how these products affect our contemporary ideas about healthy eating and body image. Herbalife, also known as A Newtritional U (ANU), is a company that sells meal†¦show more content†¦Around holidays, weight loss challenges are provided to motivate customers to not only purchase their meal replacement shakes, but to also workout. They hold festive events such as Halloween Zumba, which encourages customers to workout in costumes. By doing this, customers can credit their results to ANU and its overarching mission. Strategically, ANU presents bundles to customers when selling their products. The â€Å"Survival Kit,† sold near the holidays, gives regular customers aloe shots and herbal teas at a cheaper price than buying the products on their own. It is said that the aloe shot is taken to aid digestion. During the holiday season, ANU also promotes their product and it’s purpose by presenting statistics that exhibit the amount of weight that is gained during the holiday season and the amount of individuals that are not concerned with their weight d uring that time. One statistic in particular claims that the average weight gained around the holidays is nearly 15 pounds (ANewtritionalU, 2017). By doing this type of advertising, they hope to convince individuals to replace the holiday sweets with one of their meal replacement shakes. To motivate customers to participate in weight loss challenges, ANU provides a free yoga class to aid in weight loss throughout the duration of the challenge. The promotion allows a member to bring three friends to the yoga class in order to get a shake free (ANewtritionalU, 2017).Show MoreRelatedHow Media Influence Has Increased Dramatically Over The Past Three Decades1069 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Beautiful Inside and Out â€Å"Healthy body image is not something that you re going to learn from fashion magazines,† (Shapiro) said Erin Heatherton, a Victoria Secret’s model since 2008. Media influence has increased considerably over the past three decades, whether it’s been through television, social media, or tabloids. The number of televisions has also increased in America since the 1950’s and most American have access to a television. Consequently, the images and attitudes are portrayed toRead MoreShould I Say Something?822 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals with a suspected eating disorder. This program aims to reach the social network of individuals experiencing eating disorders. According to Hart, Jorm, and Paxton (2012), â€Å"Increasing the capacity of the social network is [therefore] likely to be a more effective strategy than increasing the knowledge of individuals with eating disorders alone† (p. 2). Part 1 of the workshop focuses on presenting participants with information regarding background, definitions, types of eating disorders, risk factorsRead MoreThe Effect Of Body Image On Adolescent Girls1427 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to a study on body image 42% of first to third grade girls want to be thinner (Collins,1991). This presents a dilemma to parents and educators, as adolescent girls are becoming increasingly concerned with their body image, and have been led to unhealthy practices in their desire to be thinner. Research into this showed that as much as 57% of adolescent girls engage in harmful practices such as fasting, self induced vomiting, or diet pills (Boutelle et al, 2002).This occurs as a result ofRead MoreQuestions On Physical Health And Weight Management851 Words   |  4 PagesWHAT? This module is all about physical health. The reading begins with the three function of the food, which sets the tones of eating. The seven components of food gave a basic idea and knowledge of what food really are and what do they do to our body, or why do we need them. All of those were for chapter five and I would say those were the most of the stuff that we need to know to get into nutrition or a diet at this level for right now. As I was starting with the chapter six, the first point theRead MoreWeight, Self Body Perceptions, Emotional Based Eating Behaviors And Depression Levels1697 Words   |  7 Pagessocieties [1] may be leading to higher levels of body consciousness and body related depression as well as unhealthy eating behaviours. The aim of this current study is to better understand the possible correlations between age, weight, self-body perceptions, emotional based eating behaviours and depression levels. In the current study it can be hypothesised that there will be a strong correlation between all these variables e.g. age, BMI, body image, eating behaviours and depression and that thereforeRead MoreThe Resaons for Eating Disorders1640 Words   |  7 Pagescriticize every last inch of their body with the words â€Å"fat, ugly, worthless† echo in their head. They think their body isn’t good enough and want to look skinner like the other woman in magazines or people they see on TV. The media has a big part in self-image toward young woman. The message being sent to these women on the media is that they are not pretty enough or thin enough. Which results in people having an eating disorder. According to the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), as manyRead MoreSocial Media and its Effect on Eating Disorders793 Words   |  3 PagesFacebook, but it comes with a problematic cost, mental disorders on the rise. Eating disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and other mental disorders are rapidly becoming more and more common in hospitals all across the nation, and social media is fueling the fire. There are solutions, though, ones that can and will work. New solutions are being created, ideas such as better limits in social networking, a more healthy body image on billboards, and being more careful on what message companies are sendingRead MoreMapping the Issue: Eating Disorders Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesgirls developing eating disorders increased just as television, advertisements, and magazines were becoming a social norm that was easily and often available. Today, more than ever, adolescents are worrying about weight, shape, size and body image and. It do es not help that these children are growing up in a world filled with media material emphasizing dangerously skinny bodies as beautiful and perfect. Anne Morris and Debra Katzman, authors of â€Å"The Impact of the Media on Eating Disorders in ChildrenRead MoreThe Effects Of Negative Body Image1668 Words   |  7 Pages28,2015 English 6 The Effects of Negative Body Image Why does America have so many girls who struggle with body image? Body image is the way one sees oneself and how one imagines how one looks .(7)Having a positive body image means that, most of the time one sees oneself accurately,one feels comfortable in one’s body and one feels good about how one looks.(7)In today’s time Americans are vain in one’s appearance,meaning we feel having a thin body we are more accomplished, successful and beautifulRead MoreWhat The Shrek Just Happened1646 Words   |  7 Pagesfor Creatures, shows an image of a moose eating grass. On top of the ad is the text â€Å"There’s plenty of room for all God’s creatures. Right next to the mashed potatoes†. On the bottom is the text â€Å"Saskatoon: STEAKS – FISH – WILD GAME†. The theme for this advertisement is: The meat is here, eat it. The purpose for this ad is to convince the audience to eat at the Saskatoon restaurant. The intended audience for the advertisement is hunters. The image of the moose eating the grass is something hunters

Revision for K218 Free Essays

These are the key points in Learning Guide 1: The children and young people’s workforce is large and diverse. Its composition raises some important questions about who works with children and in what sort of organisations. Policy and legislation increasingly vary across the UK as devolution becomes more firmly established. We will write a custom essay sample on Revision for K218 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is important to understand the context most relevant to you, but valuable learning can also be drawn from comparing developments in different contexts and countries. Developing the skill of reflection can enhance your learning from the module and day-to-day practice. †¢What are some of the key professional standards used by practitioners across the UK? †¢What are some of the different ways of understanding children, young people, their families and the services that are provided for them? †¢What knowledge, skills and values are required to support ‘good practice’? These are the key points in Learning Guide 2 There are five key themes, emphasising theories, frameworks or aspects of working with children young people and families, which will recur throughout the module. Practice can be seen as consisting of three intertwined elements of knowledge, skill and values. What constitutes good or effective practice is complex and open to discussion and debate. Attempting to measure good practice through outcomes can play a role in improving practice with children and families but also has some major limitations. 3 †¢How does social constructionist theory help with our understanding of children and families? †¢How does practice involve relationships between children, young people, families, community and society? How does this change across time? †¢What is a social ecological perspective and how can it help us to understand and develop practice with children, young people and families? These are the key points in Learning Guide 3 An ecological perspective is useful for making sense of the complexities that surround working with children, young people and families. Ecological models can support how we think about practice and how we organise practice – including policy, assessment and collaborative relationships such as multi-agency working. Ecological models are not static; they need to take into consideration changes to people, communities and society across time. 4 †¢What are the different levels that make up a web of relationships? †¢What is social constructionism? †¢How is social constructionism useful in understanding how the lives of children, young people and families are constructed? †¢What are the implications of social constructionism for practice? These are the key points in Learning Guide 4 Social constructionist theory argues that understandings of childhood, development and appropriate care for children and young people vary between different historical and geographical/cultural/family contexts Viewing development as a stage-based pathway is strongly embedded in practice and legislation, with understandings of children and young people often based on their age and perceived developmental stage Development as a stage-based pathway needs to be approached with caution as it has implications for some children and young people who are not easily accommodated within the ‘normative’ assumptions of the pathway †¢What are some of the broad ways that power operates, as identified by Foucault? How to cite Revision for K218, Essay examples

Concussions in Sports free essay sample

Concussions are common in many sports, but in particular, football has the most by a majority. Many players will lie about a concussion they’ve had in a game so they can keep playing because they will often get little game time in a season and a concussion means sitting out longer. Regardless, a player needs to make sure to always prioritize safety. As well, I think sports doctors need to be stricter when a player takes a hit. I think the sport is ok to remain but players should always recognize the risks involved when playing and make sure to avoid taking hits as much as possible. I think if a player gets hit and requires medical attention the team should pay for the bill because they are a team and they’re meant to look out for each other. Avoiding getting hit is always the most important piece though. We will write a custom essay sample on Concussions in Sports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sports doctors should also pull out players if there is a slight suspicion that the player has a concussion, or any kind of injury. This could hopefully minimize the long term injury to players in the end. However, players need to be honest if they’re not all together and can’t play effectively. Players should make sure to watch their health and attempt to play as safe as they can in games to avoid damage that can affect them in the future. Doctors should also pull players out when the player takes a hard hit, or a temporary substitution at the very least and make the player sit out for a few minutes.

Impact of Childcare on Young Children

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Childcare on Young Children. Answer: Introduction Over the last few decades, an increase has been determined in the number of young children in preschool settings, where children are left under non-parental care. It is also believed that 2/3 of the children are currently under non-parental care arrangements. On an average, a child spends 32 hours per week in such settings (Laughlin, 2010). Also such kind of transition occurs very fast after the birth of the child. The transition of childs life from parental care to non-parental care occurs very rapidly. The impact of child care is very significant as it affects the development of the child. Due to the rising trend and increasing number of working mothers, the children are entering the non-parental care, as early as in three months age. The findings of different studies related to early childhood health (Almond and Currie, 2010), and early education can pose a lasting effect on the mental and emotional development of children. The social functions of the children under non-parental c are are affected. The industrialized societies have marked an augmentation in the number of maternal employment in the last three decades. Different countries respond differently towards the non-parental childcare. In some countries it is the responsibility of the state, however some other countries it is private concern. The quality of the childcare is very diverse. This literature review is going to present the overview of the risks associated with childs social and emotional well-being under non-parental care. The literature review will present the impact of center based care on children. Literature Review The recent work of literature provides extensive evidences for the outcomes related to the incidence of infection, injuries to social-emotional health and cognitive development. The non-parental care emerges in two different forms (Bradley Vandell, 2007; Pianta et al., 2009). According to the literature the first forms is the center based care, which does not provide very favorable results for the children, as these centers provide adverse effects on the child development, which provide slight improvement in the mental ability of the children but increased behavior problems. Second, is the high quality care setting for children, which can be considered as favorable for the economically disadvantaged children? The families who are using non-parental care are different from those who are not using such care facilities, have not been fully accounted. According to the study done in Australia by Gray, Baxter Alexander (2008), it has been noticed that there have been an increase in the non-parental care. However, it was also found that families having a young child, who is breastfeeding, are more parent-care based. However, it do not suggest that involvement of father is more, thus mother organize their time according to their children. In this study it also stated that, parent care was the main choice and mother reduced her working hours or working as freelancers. The early relationship of the child and mother is considered as the foundation stone for the mental, emotional and social development. It also defines the later psychological development of the child. Thus, the first focus of the research is that does this early separation of mother and child by non-parental care can disturb this mother-child relationship. It has been found that prolonged separation of mother and child, due to this non-parental care can reduce the mothers ability to respond sensitively towards the child needs. In contrast, it results in reducing the childs confidence and consistency of the parents responsiveness. In the early life of childs, the separation from mother and the routine non-parental care can be linked with increased attachment insecurity in children and reduces maternal sensitivity. Some of the studies also explored that non-parental care has increased the injuries and communicable disease in children. It is often perceived that when a child is exposed to a larger group of people, the risks associated with pathogens increases in young children. The prolonged effect of the child care could be nil, as it may be possible that children who are under non-parental care from the early phase of life develop immunity against diseases. Yet it has also been observed that childhood illness and injuries have resulted in increased social cost. The work of Gordon et al., (2007), states that when a child spends more time in center based care and less in family based environment increases the risk of ear infection and respiratory problems. But, the impact of such disease diminishes as the child attains the age of three years, which indicates the immunizing effect of the early exposure. The second part of the research focus on the childrens behavioral development and cognitive ability, positive peer interaction, compliance and self control. For the childs early achievement, it is important that child must acquire such skills. The mental and behavioral functioning of the child in the childhood defines his personality in future. The early parental care allows the children to develop better cognitive and mental skills and attachment. However, in the non-parental care can be linked with weak bonding and interaction with peers, increased behavioral problems and underdeveloped cognitive skills. According to the study of Belsky et al. (2007), the center based care for the children increases the disruptive behavior that may persist in children throughout their childhood. According to Bernal Keane (2011), the same results are seen in the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. According to the attachment theory, a secure and healthy attachment of the child with family is derived by the mother and child relationship and availability of the mother. The availability of the mother also ensures secure attachment and secure childs appraisal. Availability of the mother stands for presence of mother and mother being accessible of the child. The lack of mothers accessibility induces feeling of loss or separation in children. The accessibility of the mother is defined in two forms, first is that child may be able to understand that lines of communication are open with mother and second is child must have the confidence that mother would respond to his or her needs (Kobak Madsen, 2008). As, the children, who are emotionally and physical attached to their mother, are able to tolerate physical distance in older age because they know that they have attachment with their mother. The early disruption in the physical accessibility of the child towards mother is also relat ed with maternal insensitivity, and disturbed socio-emotional and language development of child (Narea, 2014). According to Bowlby (2008), the center based care in the early childhood implies the separation of the child from mother for long hours and separation of the child from the primary attachment. Thus, the early experience of the child with non-parental center based care can disturb attachment bonds and gives adverse impact on the socio-emotional development. The study of Camilli, G. et al., 2010 provides database, which also includes quasi-experimental and randomized studies. This study verified the cognitive outcomes on children, which states that early childhood interventions and education interventions have significant impact on the cognitive development of children. Some of the researches explain that the impact of center based care and the childhood developmental outcomes are diverse, which depends upon the childs age and time that child spends in the center. Baker, Gruber and Milligan (2008), used the model called as differences in difference model; where the children from Canada were the control group. The children from Quebec were the treatment group. This study found out that publically funded non-parental care centers are responsible for providing negative impact on the social and motor skills of children between the ages 0 to three years. The significant decline of 10% was noticed in the standard deviation. This situation has been explained by the author that publically funded care centers have lead to more employment of mothers. This has essentially resulted in the decline of attachment and emotional relationship between child and parent, and it has also potentially reduced the parental health. Both the situations results in low child development. However, the study of Felfe and Lalive (2012), used the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) for their study and proved that very young children and those from deprived socio-economic background are benefited by the center based care. According to the study of Loeb et al. (2007), the average age of the children starting it center based care is 0-4 years. They found that children starting center based care at 2-4 years of age have positive and enhanced skills of readings and mathematics. Conclusion The literature review provides the details about the impact of center based care on the social, mental, emotional well-being of young children. The literature informs that center based care affects the development of the child by impacting the cognitive and social skills. The maternal separation at the young age may develop distress in the child and lack of emotional sensitivity in the mother. The quality of care is also an important factor, which children receive in center based care. However, some of the studies even state that center based care are beneficial for children who come from low deprived background. References Almond, D. Currie, J. (2010). Human capital development before age five. NBER Working Paper No. 15827. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research Baker, M., Gruber, J. Milligan, K., 2008. Universal Child Care, Maternal Labor Supply, and Family Well-Being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), pp.709 745. Bowlby, S.R., (2008). Attachment , what it is , why it is important and what we can do about it to help young children acquire a secure attachment QOC Volume. C. Clouder, B. Heys, M. Matthes, eds., Belgium: European Council for Steiner Waldorf Education and the Alliance for Childhood European Network Group 2009/10. Bernal, R. Keane, M. (2011). Child care choices and childrens cognitive achievement: The case of single mothers. Journal of Labor Economics, 29, 459-512. Belsky, J., Vandell, D. L., Burchinal, M., Clarke-Stewart, K. A., McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., et (2007). Are there long-term effects of early child care? Child Development, 78, 681701. Bradley, R. Vandell D.L. (2007). Child care and the well-being of children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 161, 669-676. Burger, K., (2010). How does early childhood care and education affect cognitive development? An international review of the effects of early interventions for children from different social backgrounds. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 25(2), pp.140165. Camilli, G. et al. (2010). Meta-Analysis of the effects of early education interventions on cognitive and social development. Teachers College Record, 112(3), pp.579620 Felfe, C. Lalive, R. (2012). Early child care and child development: For whom it works and why. , (7100), pp.144 Gordon, R., Kaestner, R., Korenman, S. (2007). The effects of maternal employment on child injuries and infectious disease. Demography, 44, 307-333. Gray, M., Baxter, J., Alexander, M. (2008). Parent-only care. A child care choice for working families? Family Matters, 79, 42-49. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Kobak, R., Madsen, S. (2008). Disruptions in attachment bonds: Implications for theory, research, and clinical intervention. Laughlin, L. (2010). Whos minding the kids? Child care Arrangements: Spring 2005/Summer Current Population Reports P70-121. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau Loeb, S., Bridges, M., Bassok, D., Fuller, B., Rumberger, R. W. (2007). How much is too much? The influence of preschool centers on children's social and cognitive development.Economics of Education review,26(1), 52-66. Narea, M. (2014).Does early centre-based care have an impact on child cognitive and socio- emotional development? Evidence from Chile(No. case183). Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, LSE. Pianta, R., W. Steven Barnett, Margaret Burchinal, Kathy R. Thornburg. (2009). The Effects of preschool education: What we know, how public policy is or is not aligned with the evidence base, and what we need to know. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10, 4988.

B-25 Mitchell in World War II

B-25 Mitchell in World War II The evolution of the North American B-25 Mitchell began in 1936 when the company began work on its first twin-engine military design. Dubbed the NA-21 (later NA-39), this project produced an aircraft that was of all-metal construction and powered by a pair of Pratt Whitney R-2180-A Twin Hornet engines. A mid-wing monoplane, the the NA-21 was intended to carry a payload of 2,20o lbs. of bombs with range of around 1,900 miles. Following its first flight in December 1936, North American modified the aircraft to correct several minor issues. Re-designated the NA-39, it was accepted by the US Army Air Corps as the XB-21 and entered into competition the following year against an improved version of the Douglas B-18 Bolo. Further altered during the trials, the North American design proved to have consistently superior performance to its competitor, but cost significantly more per aircraft ($122,000 vs. $64,000). This led to the USAAC passing on the XB-21 in favor of what became the B-18B. Development Utilizing the lessons learned from the project, North American moved forward with a new design for a medium bomber which was dubbed the NA-40. This was spurred on in March 1938 by USAAC circular 38-385 which called for a medium bomber capable of carrying a payload of 1,200 lbs. a distance of 1,200 miles while maintaining a speed of 200 mph. First flying in January 1939, it proved under-powered. This issue was soon remedied through the use of two Wright R-2600 Twin Cyclone engines. The improved version of the aircraft, the NA-40B, was placed into competition with entries from Douglas, Stearman, and Martin, where it performed well but failed to secure an USAAC contract. Seeking to take advantage of Britain and Frances need for a medium bomber during the early days of World War II, North American intended to build the NA-40B for export. These attempts failed when both countries elected to move forward with a different aircraft. In March 1939, as the NA-40B was competing, the USAAC issued another specification for a medium bomber requiring a payload of 2,400 lbs., range of 1,200 miles, and a speed of 300 mph. Further revising their NA-40B design, North American submitted the NA-62 for evaluation. Due to a pressing need for medium bombers, the USAAC approved the design, as well as the Martin B-26 Marauder, without conducting the usual prototype service tests. A prototype of the NA-62 first flew on August 19, 1940. Design Production Designated B-25 Mitchell, the aircraft was named for Major General Billy Mitchell. Featuring a distinctive twin tail, early variants of the B-25 also incorporated a greenhouse-style nose which contained the bombardiers position. They also possessed a tail gunner position at the rear of the aircraft. This was eliminated in the B-25B while a manned dorsal turret was added along with a remotely operated ventral turret. Around 120 B-25Bs were built with some going to the Royal Air Force as the Mitchell Mk.I. Improvements continued and the first type to be mass-produced was the B-25C/D. This variant increased the aircrafts nose armament and saw the addition of improved Wright Cyclone engines. Over 3,800 B-25C/Ds were produced and many saw service with other Allied nations. As the need for effective ground support/attack aircraft increased, the B-25 frequently received field modifications to fulfill this role. Acting on this, North American devised the B-25G which increased the number of guns on the aircraft and included the mounting of a 75 mm cannon in a new solid nose section. These alterations were refined in the B-25H. In addition to a lighter 75 mm cannon, the B-25H mounted four .50-cal. machine guns below the cockpit as well as four more in cheek blisters. The aircraft saw the return of the tail gunner position and the addition of two waist guns. Capable of carrying 3,000 lbs. of bombs, the B-25H also possessed hard points for eight rockets. The final variant of the aircraft, the B-25J, was a cross between the B-25C/D and the G/H. It saw the removal of the 75 mm gun and the return of the open nose, but the retention of the machine gun armament. Some were built with a solid nose and an increased armament of 18 machine guns. B-25J Mitchell Specifications: General Length: 52 ft. 11 in.Wingspan: 67 ft. 6 in.Height: 17 ft. 7 in.Wing Area: 610 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 21,120 lbs.Loaded Weight: 33,510 lbs.Crew: 6 Performance Power Plant: 2 Ãâ€" Wright R-2600 Cyclone radials, 1,850 hpCombat Radius: 1,350 milesMax Speed: 275 mphCeiling: 25,000 ft. Armament Guns: 12-18 Ãâ€" .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gunsBombs: 6,000 lbs. max. or 8 x 5 rockets 3,000 lbs. bombs Operational History The aircraft first came to prominence in April 1942 when Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle used modified B-25Bs in his raid on Japan. Flying from the carrier USS Hornet (CV-8) on April 18, Doolittles 16 B-25s struck targets in Tokyo, Yokohama, Kobe, Osaka, Nagoya, and Yokosuka before flying on to China. Deployed to most theaters of the war, the B-25 saw service in the Pacific, North Africa, China-India-Burma, Alaska, and the Mediterranean. Though effective as a level medium bomber, the B-25 proved particularly devastating in Southwest Pacific as a ground attack aircraft. Modified B-25s routinely conducted skip bombing and strafing attacks against Japanese ships and ground positions. Serving with distinction, the B-25 played key roles in Allied victories such as the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. Employed throughout the war, the B-25 was largely retired from frontline service at its conclusion. Though known as a forgiving aircraft to fly, the type did cause some hearing loss problems among crews due to engine noise issues. In the years after the war, the B-25 was used by a number of foreign nations.

Emily Bronte-Cold in the earth critical analysis Essays

Emily Bronte-Cold in the earth critical analysis Essays Emily Bronte-Cold in the earth critical analysis Paper Emily Bronte-Cold in the earth critical analysis Paper On surface level, it seems that Cold in the Earth is a poem about the lose of a beloved. It deals with grief, a sense of despariring, and a feeling of coldness. However, Cold in the earth is not a display of grief but an exploration of the psychology of loss. The title Cold in the Earth gives a feeling of coldness; frozen, desperate despairing sensation, an aura of death and loss. The poem provides different perspectives of viewing the idea of loss and how one copes with loss; it can be said to serve as a multi-way lens of viewing the idea of loss. The first stanza describes the love that Bronte has lost, and is full of emotion. Deep snow piled above thee, this quote has two purposes. Firstly it describes the snow, which adds to the feeling of coldness, leaving a frozen, desperate, despairing sensation, which contrasts to the warmness associated with love. The fact that the snow is piled above thee enforces the fact that her lover is gone, far beyond reach and can never be retrieved. She then asks a rhetorical question, Have I forgot, my Only Love, to love thee, Only Love here emphasises the extent of her love by being capitalized. In the second stanza Bronte compares her thoughts to a bird my thoughts no longer hover, this metaphor shows a contrast between the freedom of flight that the bird enjoys in comparison to the containment that the persona feels. The second stanza tells us that she when alone, cannot think about the mountains near Angoras shore. This is an extremely important biographical reference to her own life; as well as a personification. Most of the poems written by Emily Bronte were based around the world that she created with her siblings. This world was called Gondal. It was a land of four provinces that was ruled by King Julius Brenzaida, one of these provinces was called Angorra. Bront had a reclusive personality it could be said that she preferred to live her life through the characters in her world. Thus, this poem Cold in the Earth can be taken from the viewpoint of Rosina Alcona (the persona), and Brenzaida. Brenzaida has died 15 years previously and Rosina is reflecting upon his death. The third stanza starts the same way the first did, Cold in the earth, this repetition reinforces the death and sadness that she feels about her lost love. This stanza seems far more positive than the last two; as she describes how after the death of her lover her life continues much like the seasons, those brown hills have melted into spring, the season spring here shows how things are getting better as she deal with his death. This shows a cyclical pattern, the spring brings her joys ans the ability to forget, whereas in the winters the memories of her 15 year dead love comes flooding back. In the fourth stanza Bronte apologises to the beloveds memory for forgetting him, if she has, Sweet Love of youth, forgive if I forget thee. She gives an explanation for her lapse in remembrance; the pressure of the the world and its affairs as well as more desires and avenues to explore, but there is also a tone of regret in the poets choice of words; hopes which obscure but cannot do thee wrong. , this statement insinuates that even though she may have other desires she never forgets the beloved, and the love she feels for others will never eclipse the love she felt and still feels for him. As if to give support to the previous statement the poet dedicates this stanza to the memory of the beloved, if the previous stanza stirred his memory, then these four lines are filled with an emotion similar to the ones persona felt shortly after his death. Almost as if her regret and remorse has been refreshed by the memory of the beloved. The words Sun and Star are both capitalised as if to enforce the effect that the beloved had on the persona. As a means of reassurance, Bronte follows the previous stanza with an almost rhetorical series of lines, as if trying to convince herself that her life is still worth living. Then did I learn how existence could be cherished, this shows that although she did feel great love for him she still has the strength of character to mourn and then put her life back together. This is in context with the third stanza, in which also points this out by saying those brown hills have melted into spring- . In the last verse Strengthened and fed without the aid of joy, the use of the word fed gives the image of rejuvenation and rebirth, an image that contributes to Brontes strength of character. Following the theme of recreation, Bronte draws feelings from her memories. Then did I check the tears of useless passion, Bronte here demonstrates the ability to pick herself up, and allow herself to heal and gain back her love for life. She also remembers herself as young, showing that as the scars that were dealt by his death heal she herself grows more mature. In this light we see that there was some good drawn from her lovers passing, the self-healing process acted as a learning curve for her and due to that learning she has gained more from life, as she now appreciates its value. In the final stanza Bronte reflects on the pain she felt, but instead of remembering it as a horrible experience she uses words like rapturous and divine, however this choice of words doesnt relieve the pain so much as it enriches it. It gives the image of a pain that could never be experienced through physical harm, but only through an assault on ones mind and soul. Another important aspect found in the poem was the stress on the ballad-like structure and lyrical as well as dramatic affect. The extensive use of commas, question marks, hyphens, and semi-colons all contribute to the lyrical affect of the poem, which reverbreates in the mind after reading it. The sprinkling of alliteration, wearing wave? , .. ever, ever , desires and darker , and the anadiplosis of the Cold in the Earth and All my lifes bliss contribute both to the dramatic and lyrical affect as well as the strenthing and stressing her wandering thoughts. There is a psychological flow in the poem: Firstly, her memories of Bronte with her lover is frozen along with the deep snow piled above her lovers corpse. Secondly, she is in the dilemma of forgetting her beloved and these memories or not. Then, she represses her wish to die and leave this world (Sternly denied its burning wish to hasten down to the tomb already more than mine). Fourthly, she cannot let go of her love for him, and she doubts upon the thought of forgetting that divinest anguish, whether she can move on with her love without such thoughts of memories (How could I see the empty world again? ). At last, no conclusion is reached. Bronte is confused and torn as ever before.

Should overweight passengers be charged for two seats when flying Essay

Should overweight passengers be charged for two seats when flying - Essay Example This is already happening in the United States. The argument is raised since this is discrimination against passengers with obesity. To be charged by the kilo is quite embarrassing for somebody with twenty kilograms above the limit. If an individual is 20kg above the limit and is a regular flyer, they will actually suffer both emotionally and financially. Having to meet the fat tax expenses will be rather embarrassing (Sullivan 6). The majority of obesity and health organizations are supporting this suggestion claiming that it is only fair since the airline will need to carry extra weight. A number of airlines as an alternative make passengers who can not fit into one seat pay for two seats, for twice the cost of the journey (Appleton). Those who require extra seatbelt extension will have to buy a new an update or purchase an extra seat. America has for a long time taxed and charged to discourage some manners. Taxes in cigarettes are increasing, taxes in liquor are rising in various states, seatbelts are now mandatory by law and some particular areas are currently charging obese workers more for health insurance. For better or worse, the tendency to transform behavior through economics is upon us. As medical expenses rises the debate over charging for obesity is indeed only going to grow. Airlines are too increasingly subject to customer grievances and even losing court cases over travelers being injured by fellow obese passengers. Using two seats uses twice the fuel. This actually sounds nice even though this may not be true. The space which a passenger takes does not affect the amount of fuel used but the weight may affect (Appleton). It sounds good even if it is not actually true. The space you take does not impact on fuel, the weight does. The question arises as to whether a weight lifter weighing more and has more mass of muscles must also be charged more. This could be just a technique used by the airlines to get more money from the passengers. There are writings seen in one of the American airlines. It said something to the effect that if you can not fit into the seat, you will have to pay for a second seat and that if the seats are not fully occupied; you will only pay a child's fare on the second seat (Kate) There are some necessities regarding the seat being a window seat or something of that sort. The airlines prerequisite is that if an individual can not fit in the seat without hanging over the arm rest then he will be charged twice and it sounded like a fair rule. The airline companies should come up with a practical means of determining who is overweight and who is not. It is even better to argue that an individual is overweight due to medical reasons other than the notion that one is lazy and overweight. The airlines must not be forced to give an individual a free extra seat since he or she can not fit in one. The person has to pay for his or her seat, likewise to overweight individuals. That is prejudice and another effort by the airlines to make more money. The airline seats are actually too small period. Tall individuals, overweight individuals and skinny individuals are all not comfortable in a flight. The airlines in their effort once more to make more money squeezed in as many seats as possible at the expense of comfort of passengers. People complain that they don not want to sit next to an overweight passenger as a trick to get bumped

A world of Ideals(Eighth Edition) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

A world of Ideals(Eighth Edition) - Essay Example Her studies which led to the creation of the â€Å"Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions† demonstrate the extent of time and history in which women may be found to have endured plenty of stages in coping with moral criticisms and the challenge of attempting to liberate from the slavery of submission to men whether or not they hold a place in a dominant community. Regardless of nationality, religion, philosophical affiliations, women of the 19th century assumed mediocre roles that bore no potential of becoming competitive with men’s superior status and they were deprived even of the right to vote and air personal opinions until, as Stanton indicated, the foundation of the ‘law of equity’. More than the knowledge of seeking evidence of truth in understanding the natural order with respect to social relations and their impact on identifying which the dominant side is, it appears that Stanton’s presentation constitutes the essence of investigating a more specific and delicate matter. Thus, resolving to recalculate self-evident truths by way of conveying a subject on gender inequalities which require no additional proofs despite change in time designates her argument on a winning position, I

Concepts of Organisational Culture

Concepts of Organisational Culture What is organisational culture? Organisational culture is often referred to as something which tells us more about the organisation. This something may be the personality, philosophy, ideology or even the overall climate of the organisation. Organisational Culture is therefore an element which differentiates each organisation from the other and gives it a unique identity (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). The managerial writers vs. the academic social scientists The debate arises when theorists try to define culture. The management academics and consultants perceive this culture as a collection of values and beliefs, myths, symbols, heroes and symbols that possess a uniform meaning for all the employees. Whereas, the academic social scientists see it as a subjective reality of values and beliefs, artefacts, myths, symbols etc. They believe that organisational culture is formed through the social interactions of the organisations members and hence it is produced and reproduced continuously (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). This essay takes up both these contrasting perspectives separately in the light of various theoretical models and the examples of real life organisations. Organisational culture: following or adopting? The Managerial writers such as ouchi,1981; Deal and Kennedy,1982; Pascale and Athos,1982; Peters and Waterman,1982 and Schien,1985; believe that culture being an attribute of the organisation is given to its members who do not participate in its formation and accept or tolerate it as the organisation has it (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). Thus it is a collection of some basic assumptions that all organisational employees share and hence if these assumptions are changed, the culture will automatically be changed (Schien, 1985 Cited in Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). Schien (1983) in his three levels of culture points out one of the sources of organisational values as those values which were the idea of a single person (founder) and are later modified by the companys current senior management. In contrast, Buchanan and Huczynski (2004) argue that if such is the case then these values may not be adopted by employees but only followed by them. And if senior management are the source of creating organisational values then these value may cause chaos when mergers and acquisitions take place. Then it will be a question of which of the older companies value will be followed in the newly formed organisation. Organisational culture as a means of unification and control The managerial writers suggest that if the basic assumptions are integrated amongst members and the organisation has a unified culture, then employee control will be possible and this will lead to greater productivity and profitability (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). On the other hand, the academic social scientists argue that a unified culture is never possible as organisational culture is pluralistic in nature due to the different subcultures present in every organisation. (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). Where managerial writer talk about extending the same unified culture to all the employees Brown (1995) argues and states the following facts that influence culture: Even if the employees are enthusiastic and intrinsically motivated as suggested by McGregors theory Y, most of them only give a fraction of their time to the organisation. They are members of other variety of clubs, societies and unions and hence they may not accept the culture whole heartedly and without any question since their demands and constraints are also influenced by these other bodies Part time or temporary workers are less likely to adopt the culture and some of them are actually working part time to avoid cultural control systems. Large numbers of people perform relatively unrewarding and undemanding jobs just for the sake of the financial reward. These workers may be only loosely attached to the organisation and may even go against a dominant culture in the organisation Contractual workers who are hired by organisations are actually members of separate organisations and it will be extremely difficult to make them feel part of the organisation. Therefore, the changing patterns of employment and organisational forms are actually impacting many of the very strict and cohesive cultures. The managerial writers believe in symbolic management of employees i.e. the use of organisational culture and selectively applying rites, ceremonials, myths, stories and legends to direct the behaviour of employees. The academic social scientists argue that since people enter organisations with different expectations, experiences, values, beliefs and motivations hence these factors also influence their behaviour in different directions In the practical world, we see companies using both these ideas, some try to reconsider their values and beliefs; and under the banner of changing culture try to come up and introduce new values and beliefs. It is argued that such attempts at changing culture may change behaviour of employees but not their deep rooted value and beliefs which do eventually have an impact on some of their behaviours (Thompson and Findlay, 1999). A simple example would be of the recent importance to corporate social responsibility. In such a case an employee may differ on his value and belief for a certain ethical issue, say the employee may not believe in child labour but what will he/she do when the company may have to outsource its manufacturing to a third world country (where majority of children are used as cheap labour) in order to cut down cost. Here, the employee may be convinced to change his behaviour and he/she may do so to save their job but at the end of the day their value and believe rema ins unchanged. On the other hand, some companies increase their employee interactions in a way that changes employee behaviour automatically. An example would be of an organisation that increases employee interactions with the customers and through this the employees are better aware of what behaviours please the customers. The changing nature of culture Another argument against the managerial writers would be that since they see organisational culture as something that has been pre determined and cannot be changed, how would they take into account the several changing factors that influence culture generally. An organisations culture may be influenced by its history, primary function and technology, its customers, its goals and objectives, size, location, top executives, strategy, structure and its environment (Mullins, 2007). The argument therefore is what happens to the culture when either of these factors changes. What will happen if there is new top executive in the company who may modify the founders ideas as per his values and beliefs? What happens if the organisation steps into a dynamic industry and requires a new structure and strategy, will its culture not automatically change or will the whole process of laying down new basic assumptions (values, beliefs, myths, stories and artefacts) will have to be put into action to ma ke the culture change? What happens if an organisation makes an international move and faces a new national culture? How will it now rely on its old stories, myths, legends and artefacts to induce a change in this new national culture? This argument is supported by the academic social scientists who consider culture to be produced and reproduced through different interactions. A fairly new concept is the learning organisation which was conceived by Peter Senge as a place where people at all levels are in a continuous state of learning and individual learning results in organisational learning (Mullins, 2007). Although it may seem as a utopian concept but it strengthens the academic social scientists view of the is culture which is in a state of continuous re-production. Therefore one can agree that the culture of the learning organisation would be one which would continuously change with every new organisational learning. At the learning organisation the has culture would be seen as one which would bound learning and may not appeal to the intrinsic sense of the employees to challenge, learn and achieve. On the contrary critiques like Harrison argue that the sum of the learning of individuals does not necessarily equal organisational learning (Mullins, 2007) Pixar is one such organisation which believes in creativity and learning at not only the artistic level but the technical level as well. The underlying reason for such a belief is that a movie contains many ideas all of which do not necessarily come from the producer or the creative head, but these ideas come from people dealing with cameras, characters, lightening etc. Pixar follows a peer culture where they have open discussions and exchange of ideas over any piece of ongoing work. They also have peers who look at and analyse daily motion work, unlike Disney where only a small senior group has the responsibility to do so. Therefore, at Pixar learning occurs from all directions and all employees which is due to its belief that everyone should have the freedom to communicate with anyone and it must be safe for anyone and everyone to offer ideas. That is how they foster collective creativity and learning (HBR, 2008). Organisational culture and the psychological contract The psychological contract of employees is another component which may be viewed in the light of the two perspectives of organisational culture. If the has culture is considered the psychological contract may be seen as the same for all employees as all share the same basic assumptions and clear controls are in place and hence the employer and employees may be contracting with each other on the same set of expectations. On the other hand the is culture will produce many different psychological contracts of employees and it will become very hard for the organisation to manage them, as each individual on the basis of their different interactions and interpretations will have a different set of expectations. (Herriot and Pemberton, 1995). The dilemma in cultural practice A major problem for an organisation can be sticking to any one of these cultural ideologies. This is due to the fact that an organisation on one hand may have an espoused culture i.e. how its senior management describes it and on the other hand it may have its in-practice culture i.e. the culture as it is experienced and lived by its members. Therefore even if it claims to be following a certain ideology it will always have more than one culture running in the organisation. Organisations rarely possess just one unified culture. One culture that superimposes the organisation culture is the stitched together patch of sub cultures in an organisation which may be overlapping and conflicting as well. (Brown, 1995) We see this conflict in the organisational culture of Nokia where on one hand it claims to nourish new ideas and innovation amongst employees (http://www.nokia.com/careers/nokia-as-an-employer/nokia-way-and-values) where as on the other hand it seems to have lost a head start at touch screen technology. This was when its stifling bureaucratic culture killed the idea of a smart phone with internet and touch screen technology and the management reasoned it to be a development Nokia would not be interested in. (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/news/hardware/Nokias-bureaucratic-culture-troubles-new-CEO/articleshow/6637291.cms).However, recently we see that Nokia is struggling to compete in the same market. If the management would have actually maintained the culture they claim, and would have fostered idea growth, they would probably have been ahead of apple today. The concept of Organisation Socialization The managerial writers believe that a process of organisation socialization has to be followed with new employees of the organisation in order to make them learn the culture so that they can follow it and survive in the organisation. (Edgar schien, 1979 Cited in Buchanan page 650). It must be remembered that these writers believe that culture must be tolerated as it is something an organisation has. But when organisations like Disneyland are considered, it may be argued that the organisation socialization process consists of two parts. One is the formal socialization where the new recruits attend the University of Disneyland on an apprenticeship programme. This is where they learn the history, philosophy, language and values of the company. The other is the informal socialization mechanisms which are also very well developed at Disney land. New recruits at some point learn through their peers that the job they are assigned, the costume they wear and the area of the park they are allotted are actually determinants of their social status at work. At the same time they also learn about Getting back at misbehaving guests by tightening seat belts, slamming breaks suddenly and drenching people standing at river banks (Brown, 1995). Now, this informal socialisation is actually another sub culture within the organisation which is limited to the employees. Hence, this reinforces the ideo logy that culture may not necessarily be taught but may be born through social interactions. Organisational Culture and Motivation When discussing motivation and culture, one may argue how a culture of motivation may be left to be developed by the social interaction of organisational members. In such an area, the organisation may have to provide a cohesive culture which can offer employees both extrinsic rewards and intrinsic rewards such as bonuses, promotions, and stories, rites and ceremonies which create feelings of belonging. An organisation may also have to employ threats of punishments such as unwanted transfers, demotions and salary decreases to deal with certain cases of lack of motivation (Brown, 1995). Here we see that the views of managerial writers are more practical of providing a certain has form of culture to keep motivation in place. Bringing about Cultural Change The managerialist writers believe that culture can only be changed by changing the basic assumptions by the senior management (Schein 1979) we see that these writers specifically Schein are also compelled to believe and have written that when an organisation is in the last stage of its development i.e. maturity where it may also see declining profitability and loss of key people and outsiders have to be brought in to manage the organisation, such an influx of outsiders may induce cultural change. (Brown, 1995). Although, Schein states that such a change occurs due to change in the stage of organisational development (from birth and early growth to organisational midlife to organisational maturity) but it may be argued on the basis of the academic social scientists that such a change was induced by the change in key people and new social interaction induced a change in culture. Change is therefore viewed as intentional, predictable, pre-determined and brought about after careful planning, thus it follows a rational step-by-step procedure to effectively manage change(e.g. Kotter, 1996). An argument for cultural change is that changing only one factor as suggested by managerial writers such as a basic assumption may not be enough to bring about a cultural change. Ram Charan gives the example of cultural change at Home Depot involves multi-directional changes in the ways people worked to support the business model. A change was made to four main dimensions: Behaviour expectations were clarified and identification and measurement methods were put across. Metric such as data quantifying customer perceptions of the home depot experience clarified the expectation of accountability. Processes of how work was done were changed to fit the new culture e.g. instead of the old memos a video cast went out to all stores which focused on the upcoming promotions, new product lines and sales targets and bonuses for the week ahead.of new product lines, the revenue needed in the last week. Specific Programmes were put into place to support the cultural change e.g. competitive simulation and role-playing exercises where employees had to act out situations which clarified to them why the huge changes were made. Changes in the organisational structure made it easier to follow the new culture e.g. changes were made in purchasing processes to lower costs. Cultural change management takes place in an open system where the organisation has to simultaneously react to external needs and demand. In the recent years, factors such as globalisation, diversity, equality, increasing number of immigrants and avoiding discrimination have had a vast impact on how organisations manage cultural change. Is cultural change manageable? Cultures are a complex social phenomenon produced as a result of interactions. Therefore they are a product of humans, created by humans, sustained by humans and therefore can also be changed by human intervention. Therefore even if it is not planned to be changed, it will change as the social interactions change (bate, 1994) page 137 The main question is whether cultural change is manageable? i.e. whether persons can change culture deliberately, intervene by will and change the path of development of culture. This is where cultural change programmes fail to succeed since they do not take into account studying in detail the culture that has to be changed. An in-depth knowledge of the current culture is the basis for managing cultural change. (bate, 1994) page 137-138 Organisational Culture, Structure and Strategy What we notice and experience as cultural change depends directly on how we conceptualize culture (Meyerson and Martin, 1987 cited in Bate, 1994) page 9 The supporters of the has culture see culture as a component of an organisation which is no different to the other components such as structure, strategy, staff and so on. (Bate, 1994) page 11 One such model which details this is the Mckinseys 7-S framework which puts culture i.e. shared values at the centre of all the other components (Structure, Strategy, Systems, Style, Skills and Staff) (Peters and Waterman 1982 cited in bate,1994)page 11 Hence culture in this framework is treated as a variable which influences and is influenced by all the other organisational components. Hence Culture has an influence over organisational effectiveness in two regards, firstly its strength and secondly how well it is aligned with the other components (e.g. the structure-culture fit).Therefore from this perspective, changing culture is equivalent to a mere tasking of removing a faulty component and inserting a new one. (Bate, 1994 page 11-12) On the contrary, the supporters of the is culture conceive culture as synonymous with organisation i.e. an organisation is culture. They see culture as a paradigm which is defined by interpersonal organisational life. Therefore they see cultural change to be the same as organisational change. Since there is no bifurcation between organisation and culture therefore change in one will automatically lead to change in another and thus no separate strategies are required for each. (Bate, 1994)page 14 Another argument against strong cultures is that they have a development strategy for culture but no change strategy and so they are more likely to get trapped in their own culture. An example of such is the Hewlett Packard case where its ideology of doing things the HP way offered some form of comforts to the employees which backfired and employees were so busy being nice to each other that they avoided making commercial decisions which went against any other employee (such as laying off or relocating people). HPs intense humanistic ways lead to the employees viewing their privileges as rights e.g. refusal to relocate to other divisions made some divisions less competitive (bate, 1994) page 127 -128 On the other hand the has perspective which reinforces the importance of a strong culture is attractive from the view point that organisations can easily audit their cultures and be proactive in changing or strengthening the shared basic assumption and they can even bring about intentional change through the process of reculturing (Stoll, 1999). The has culture takes culture as, a separate component in an organisation and hence deals with issues such as strategy culture fit and so on. Weick (1985) and Hennestad (1991) argue against such a perspective stating that culture and strategy are substitutable for one another and culture is a strategic phenomenon and strategy is a cultural phenomenon. This implies that from such a perspective formulating a strategy of any kind is actually a cultural activity which will bring about engagement in a cultural change (Bate, 1994). A real life example of such a scenario would be when a company changes its strategy from a production oriented strategy to a market led strategy, this actually brings about a cultural change where a culture encouraging market research and up-to-date market knowledge is born. Further, the perspective implies that cultural change is actually strategic change where moving from one culture to another actually moving from one strategy to another. (Bate, 1994). A real life example of this perspective would be when a company like Disneyland in its organisational socialization stage declares to its employees that customer is king , this is in itself a strategy of being customer oriented. Pg 17-23 Limitations of the two cultural perspectives The managerialist perspective of organisational culture has a number of limitations. However, arguably it limits a deeper understanding of organisational culture and analyses only surface cultural factors such as taken-for-granted values and basic assumptions held in unity by the organisational members as described by Schein (1985). Secondly, it does not take into account the impact of the external environment on organisations which may play a role in determining change processes. The social perspective on the other hand gives a detailed insight into organisational culture, it opens up to dynamic areas of culture. But it requires the collection of very rich qualitative date which may not necessarily provide a clear pathway for action and interpretation of the data becomes a tedious task (Prosser, 2007) The management of organisational change is therefore understood from an open systems perspective in the organisations reaction to external forces and its adaptation and responsiveness to external needs and demands. Conclusion There is a lack of a definite way to define, control and change organisational culture. This may be due to the fact that researchers who work on this topic themselves come from different cultures and consider different elements to be part of organisational culture. The early researchers took a more philosophical approach to the topic. A reason for this might have been the unproven influence of culture on management and organisational practices. Later the academic social scientist gave a more externally-oriented approach which may have been due to the evolution of organisational culture and its impact on organisations (Stefan and Liz, 2000). The essay, based on various theoretical arguments, suggest that there is a broad scope for debates relating to whether culture can be changed or influenced, depending on how culture is defined. Most of the authors unite on the notion that culture can be changed but they differ on how and to what extent this can be done. They also differ on the fact if culture is only followed on the surface or adopted whole-heartedly. Another area covered was the debate about unification of employees on the basis of a unified culture. Cross relations of organisational culture with other concepts such as strategy, structure, motivation, psychological contract and socialization have been discussed. The essay ends with mentioning the limitations of the two approaches to organisational culture which reveal that these concepts are also influenced by the open and closed systems that an organisation may operate in.