Managerial Competency - 1166 Words

Introduction ‘‘Competency-based strategic management is a relatively new way of thinking about how organizations gain high performance for a significant period of time. Established as a theory in the early 1990s, competence-based strategic management theory explains how organizations can develop sustainable competitive advantage in a systematic and structural way. The theory of competence-based strategic management is an integrative strategy theory that incorporates economic, organizational and behavioural concerns in a framework that is dynamic, systemic, cognitive and holistic (Sanchez and Heene, 2004). This theory defines competence as: the ability to sustain the coordinated deployment of resources in ways that helps an organization†¦show more content†¦An alternative would be to set a reminder that will alert one on what to do at a specific time. Teamwork Competency Accomplishing tasks through small groups of people who are collectively responsible and whose work is interdependent requires teamwork competency (Hellriegel Jackson, Slocum Amos Klopper, Louw Oosthuizen, 2007, Page 15). A united nation is a winning nation; teamwork is about working together to achieve a certain goal. Communities work together for example to fight the socio-economic problem which is crime, in turn making it a safer environment. In the same sense businesses work as a team to improve efficiency in the working environment. When it comes to designing a team, team-building strategies work best, as the strategy brings employees together creating a close relationship amongst them and making them work as a more united team. Relating teamwork competency to the author, a negative result will be the outcomes, as the author believes that working alone is more effective, but people have different opinions on the subject. Global Awareness Competency Carrying out an organization’s managerial work by drawing on the human, financial, information, and material resources from multiple countries. People watch the news to stay informed of what is happening around the world and in their communities. Researching what causes inflation is part of global awareness, when an individual decides they want to go work overseas they undergoShow MoreRelatedManagerial Competencies2341 Words   |  10 PagesQuestion 1. List the three managerial competencies that have led to your success so far in your job. List your strength and, for each strength listed, determine how that strength might get you into trouble and why is it so difficult to become and effective middle manager? Answer Managerial competencies is defined as sets of knowledge, skills, behaviours, and attitudes that a manager needs in order to be effective in a wide range of managerial jobs and various organizational setting. There wereRead MoreCompetency Mapping4505 Words   |  19 PagesA lot is going on in recent times on the issue of competency mapping. A lot of resource is spent and consultants are invited to do competency mapping. Competency mapping is gaining much more importance and organizations are aware of having good human resources or putting the right people on right job. Competency mapping is important and is an essential exercise. Every well managed firm should have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. Such listRead MoreHow Does the Development of Core Competencies Provide Both Advantages and Disadvantages for an Organisation?1642 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopment of core competencies provide both advantages and disadvantages for an organisation? What steps can managers take to prevent core competencies becoming core rigidities?† In today’s world competition among firms becomes globalized and more intense. In order to become superiorly competitive, companies should enhance its competencies in a way that will allow them to achieve dominant position in a market. One way of accomplishing it is by development of core competencies. Competencies are consideredRead MoreAnalyzing The Pros And Cons Of The Following Options1618 Words   |  7 Pagesonly the top talent ), these measures will only serve to increase the costs of operating in this environment and undermine the primary driver for entering the country. Further, obtaining the right mix of cost and quality will require significant managerial oversight, which the firm may not have the bandwidth to provide. Profitability gains may not be achieved due to rising wages and infrastructure costs. According to the case, the nature of working in India is such that there is significant competitionRead MoreCase Study - Intel This is a strategic management case3101 Words   |  13 Pagesopen-minded workplace. Given the dynamic industry Intel is operating in, innovation can be obtained through investing heavily in Research and Development (RD). All the above-mentioned strengths may only feature in an organisation that has great managerial vision; in other words, Intels management was able to analyse the changing patterns of the industry, make choices (see the buying options) and implement them quickly (i.e. strategic flexibility) in order to achieve competitiveness. Finally, anotherRead MoreCompetency Inventory4444 Words   |  18 PagesFunctional Competency Inventory and Design by Jai Cortes I. Title of the Diagnostic Tool: Functional Competency Inventory and Design II. Overview of the Diagnostic Tool a. Definition In a nutshell, functional competency inventory and design, is a tool which aims to measure the competencies of functional groups of organizations, which are affected by their respective core objectives. In 1973, McClelland supported â€Å"testing for competence, rather than intelligence.† By definition, competencies are â€Å"generalRead MoreCase Analysis2674 Words   |  3 Pageshis professions; this just means his technical skills took a lower priority. The capacity model by Michael Mumford contains five components. The skills that attributed to the success of Coach Knight are the individual attributes. The skills of competency, motivation and more specifically problem solving skills were the skills he possessed according to this model. He had a deficit in his social judgment skills and environmental influences that, in turn, worked well for Coach K and to his successRead MoreManaging Organizational Behavior And Management1720 Words   |  7 Pages Managing organizational behavior Managing organizational behavior is a complex issue which requires application of various managerial skills and competencies. In order for the management to be effective in carrying out its functions of controlling, leading, planning and organizing which more often than not involve the participation of the non-managerial staff, it needs to be effective in managing the behavior of its employees. Effective motivation of employees and observation of ethics in dealingRead MoreIntegrated Family Wellness ( Ifw ) A Alternative Medicine Medical Clinic1584 Words   |  7 Pagesconjecture, at this point. Executive Summary The preliminary task analysis identified the key tasks, competencies and skills required to perform the job at the most efficient level. After consulting with the owner and key staff, the job descriptions were updated, taking each description, a skill analyses and outlining of competencies were identified for the positions mentioned in the handbook. These competencies are then used to discover specific training needs. This is particularly useful due to the factRead MoreManagerial Effectiveness: A Concise Definition803 Words   |  3 Pageseffective leaders at the helm so as to remain relevant. In this text, I concern myself with managerial effectiveness. Managerial Effectiveness: A Concise Definition In basic terms, managerial effectiveness can be taken to be the achievement of the desired organizational goals, results as well as objectives by taping on the unique abilities of the management. Indeed, as Certo Certo (2006) note, managerial effectiveness has largely got to do with the accomplishment of the prevailing organizational

To the Daisy and The Stolen Boat by William Wordsworth Free Essay Example, 1000 words

The poet assigns the role of transformation from adolescence to maturity to nature and cites circumstances to show the impact on his young mind. The Stolen Boat is one such creation where the poet talks about himself as a young boy who steals a boat in the night. The scary cliff looms dark and large before him. This reminds the poet of his act of stealth and guilt. This is a single verse, 44-line poem. The following lines reveal his state of mind affected deeply by nature: Of sea or sky, no colors of green fields; But huge and mighty forms, that do not liveLike living men moved slowly through the mindBy day, and were a trouble to my dreams (Wordsworth and Morley, 274)Unfathomable perception and inexplicable sense of fear troubled the innocent mind of the young boy. The situation conveyed in the Stolen Boat may be described as, a disquietude, an intimation of uncanny threat .projections of guilt, evoke the horror of death retain a psychological ambivalence and mystery (Ulmer, 53) The otherwise harmless objects of nature surrounding him remind him of his act of stealth. We will write a custom essay sample on To the Daisy and The Stolen Boat by William Wordsworth or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Analysis Of The Poem Three Quatrains By Faiz Ahmed...

When one thinks about the country India the first thing that will come to their mind is their rich, colorful clothes and animals that are part of their culture. Most do not think of the literature in India, and how life is incorporated into their writing. A common theme throughout Indian literature is life, and literary elements were used to reveal themes throughout their writing. A theme of pain in the narrator s life was explained more to the reader through the use of personification, repetition, and irony. These literary elements make the narrator s pain become more prominent and have more of an impact on the reader. Personification appeared often throughout Faiz Ahmed Faiz’s poems. The use of personification throughout his poems†¦show more content†¦By using repetition it adds more meaning to how the narrator is feeling. There are places that have sentimental value to the narrator, and the reader can see this through repetition. â€Å"[G]ate is still open† and â€Å"no gate opens† the reader can tell that gates are have an important meaning to the narrator since they are repeated (Faiz 551-552). Also since the gate is repeated in a positive and a negative way, the reader can see the connection the narrator has with feeling pain and the gates. The relationship the narrator has can be explained through repetition. The pain is greater than the relationship, â€Å"this night is the tree of pain, greater than you or me,† and, â€Å"this night, the tree of pain, vaster than you or me† ( Faiz 552). Since the narrator refers to the, â€Å"night, the tree of p ain†, could mean that the narrator has levels and parts of pain that are like branches of a tree. It also reveals what causes pain for the narrator. â€Å"My tormenter, my love, be near me† shows the reader the narrator had loved someone, but they left the narrator (Faiz 553-554). The pain will not be perfectly gone unless the person the narrator loves is with him. Along with personification and repetition the author used irony to show the theme of pain in the narrator. Along with Faiz Ahmed Faiz using personification and repetition throughout his poems, he also used irony. Irony is normally used in a

Healthy Eating And Body Image - 1720 Words

In today’s day in age, everyone is looking for the most effective form of weight loss that guarantees quick, lasting results. When looking for a commercial diet, our group was very familiar with a local meal replacement company, A Newtritional U, and was interested to see if this diet plan was overall nutritious. Several members of our group loved the meal replacement shakes and would consider these products to be a healthy meal alternative. Throughout this paper, we will discuss how A Newtritional U markets their products, the overall nutritional value of the products, and how these products affect our contemporary ideas about healthy eating and body image. Herbalife, also known as A Newtritional U (ANU), is a company that sells meal†¦show more content†¦Around holidays, weight loss challenges are provided to motivate customers to not only purchase their meal replacement shakes, but to also workout. They hold festive events such as Halloween Zumba, which encourages customers to workout in costumes. By doing this, customers can credit their results to ANU and its overarching mission. Strategically, ANU presents bundles to customers when selling their products. The â€Å"Survival Kit,† sold near the holidays, gives regular customers aloe shots and herbal teas at a cheaper price than buying the products on their own. It is said that the aloe shot is taken to aid digestion. During the holiday season, ANU also promotes their product and it’s purpose by presenting statistics that exhibit the amount of weight that is gained during the holiday season and the amount of individuals that are not concerned with their weight d uring that time. One statistic in particular claims that the average weight gained around the holidays is nearly 15 pounds (ANewtritionalU, 2017). By doing this type of advertising, they hope to convince individuals to replace the holiday sweets with one of their meal replacement shakes. To motivate customers to participate in weight loss challenges, ANU provides a free yoga class to aid in weight loss throughout the duration of the challenge. The promotion allows a member to bring three friends to the yoga class in order to get a shake free (ANewtritionalU, 2017).Show MoreRelatedHow Media Influence Has Increased Dramatically Over The Past Three Decades1069 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Beautiful Inside and Out â€Å"Healthy body image is not something that you re going to learn from fashion magazines,† (Shapiro) said Erin Heatherton, a Victoria Secret’s model since 2008. Media influence has increased considerably over the past three decades, whether it’s been through television, social media, or tabloids. The number of televisions has also increased in America since the 1950’s and most American have access to a television. Consequently, the images and attitudes are portrayed toRead MoreShould I Say Something?822 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals with a suspected eating disorder. This program aims to reach the social network of individuals experiencing eating disorders. According to Hart, Jorm, and Paxton (2012), â€Å"Increasing the capacity of the social network is [therefore] likely to be a more effective strategy than increasing the knowledge of individuals with eating disorders alone† (p. 2). Part 1 of the workshop focuses on presenting participants with information regarding background, definitions, types of eating disorders, risk factorsRead MoreThe Effect Of Body Image On Adolescent Girls1427 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to a study on body image 42% of first to third grade girls want to be thinner (Collins,1991). This presents a dilemma to parents and educators, as adolescent girls are becoming increasingly concerned with their body image, and have been led to unhealthy practices in their desire to be thinner. Research into this showed that as much as 57% of adolescent girls engage in harmful practices such as fasting, self induced vomiting, or diet pills (Boutelle et al, 2002).This occurs as a result ofRead MoreQuestions On Physical Health And Weight Management851 Words   |  4 PagesWHAT? This module is all about physical health. The reading begins with the three function of the food, which sets the tones of eating. The seven components of food gave a basic idea and knowledge of what food really are and what do they do to our body, or why do we need them. All of those were for chapter five and I would say those were the most of the stuff that we need to know to get into nutrition or a diet at this level for right now. As I was starting with the chapter six, the first point theRead MoreWeight, Self Body Perceptions, Emotional Based Eating Behaviors And Depression Levels1697 Words   |  7 Pagessocieties [1] may be leading to higher levels of body consciousness and body related depression as well as unhealthy eating behaviours. The aim of this current study is to better understand the possible correlations between age, weight, self-body perceptions, emotional based eating behaviours and depression levels. In the current study it can be hypothesised that there will be a strong correlation between all these variables e.g. age, BMI, body image, eating behaviours and depression and that thereforeRead MoreThe Resaons for Eating Disorders1640 Words   |  7 Pagescriticize every last inch of their body with the words â€Å"fat, ugly, worthless† echo in their head. They think their body isn’t good enough and want to look skinner like the other woman in magazines or people they see on TV. The media has a big part in self-image toward young woman. The message being sent to these women on the media is that they are not pretty enough or thin enough. Which results in people having an eating disorder. According to the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA), as manyRead MoreSocial Media and its Effect on Eating Disorders793 Words   |  3 PagesFacebook, but it comes with a problematic cost, mental disorders on the rise. Eating disorders, depression, bipolar disorder, and other mental disorders are rapidly becoming more and more common in hospitals all across the nation, and social media is fueling the fire. There are solutions, though, ones that can and will work. New solutions are being created, ideas such as better limits in social networking, a more healthy body image on billboards, and being more careful on what message companies are sendingRead MoreMapping the Issue: Eating Disorders Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesgirls developing eating disorders increased just as television, advertisements, and magazines were becoming a social norm that was easily and often available. Today, more than ever, adolescents are worrying about weight, shape, size and body image and. It do es not help that these children are growing up in a world filled with media material emphasizing dangerously skinny bodies as beautiful and perfect. Anne Morris and Debra Katzman, authors of â€Å"The Impact of the Media on Eating Disorders in ChildrenRead MoreThe Effects Of Negative Body Image1668 Words   |  7 Pages28,2015 English 6 The Effects of Negative Body Image Why does America have so many girls who struggle with body image? Body image is the way one sees oneself and how one imagines how one looks .(7)Having a positive body image means that, most of the time one sees oneself accurately,one feels comfortable in one’s body and one feels good about how one looks.(7)In today’s time Americans are vain in one’s appearance,meaning we feel having a thin body we are more accomplished, successful and beautifulRead MoreWhat The Shrek Just Happened1646 Words   |  7 Pagesfor Creatures, shows an image of a moose eating grass. On top of the ad is the text â€Å"There’s plenty of room for all God’s creatures. Right next to the mashed potatoes†. On the bottom is the text â€Å"Saskatoon: STEAKS – FISH – WILD GAME†. The theme for this advertisement is: The meat is here, eat it. The purpose for this ad is to convince the audience to eat at the Saskatoon restaurant. The intended audience for the advertisement is hunters. The image of the moose eating the grass is something hunters

Revision for K218 Free Essays

These are the key points in Learning Guide 1: The children and young people’s workforce is large and diverse. Its composition raises some important questions about who works with children and in what sort of organisations. Policy and legislation increasingly vary across the UK as devolution becomes more firmly established. We will write a custom essay sample on Revision for K218 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is important to understand the context most relevant to you, but valuable learning can also be drawn from comparing developments in different contexts and countries. Developing the skill of reflection can enhance your learning from the module and day-to-day practice. †¢What are some of the key professional standards used by practitioners across the UK? †¢What are some of the different ways of understanding children, young people, their families and the services that are provided for them? †¢What knowledge, skills and values are required to support ‘good practice’? These are the key points in Learning Guide 2 There are five key themes, emphasising theories, frameworks or aspects of working with children young people and families, which will recur throughout the module. Practice can be seen as consisting of three intertwined elements of knowledge, skill and values. What constitutes good or effective practice is complex and open to discussion and debate. Attempting to measure good practice through outcomes can play a role in improving practice with children and families but also has some major limitations. 3 †¢How does social constructionist theory help with our understanding of children and families? †¢How does practice involve relationships between children, young people, families, community and society? How does this change across time? †¢What is a social ecological perspective and how can it help us to understand and develop practice with children, young people and families? These are the key points in Learning Guide 3 An ecological perspective is useful for making sense of the complexities that surround working with children, young people and families. Ecological models can support how we think about practice and how we organise practice – including policy, assessment and collaborative relationships such as multi-agency working. Ecological models are not static; they need to take into consideration changes to people, communities and society across time. 4 †¢What are the different levels that make up a web of relationships? †¢What is social constructionism? †¢How is social constructionism useful in understanding how the lives of children, young people and families are constructed? †¢What are the implications of social constructionism for practice? These are the key points in Learning Guide 4 Social constructionist theory argues that understandings of childhood, development and appropriate care for children and young people vary between different historical and geographical/cultural/family contexts Viewing development as a stage-based pathway is strongly embedded in practice and legislation, with understandings of children and young people often based on their age and perceived developmental stage Development as a stage-based pathway needs to be approached with caution as it has implications for some children and young people who are not easily accommodated within the ‘normative’ assumptions of the pathway †¢What are some of the broad ways that power operates, as identified by Foucault? How to cite Revision for K218, Essay examples

Concussions in Sports free essay sample

Concussions are common in many sports, but in particular, football has the most by a majority. Many players will lie about a concussion they’ve had in a game so they can keep playing because they will often get little game time in a season and a concussion means sitting out longer. Regardless, a player needs to make sure to always prioritize safety. As well, I think sports doctors need to be stricter when a player takes a hit. I think the sport is ok to remain but players should always recognize the risks involved when playing and make sure to avoid taking hits as much as possible. I think if a player gets hit and requires medical attention the team should pay for the bill because they are a team and they’re meant to look out for each other. Avoiding getting hit is always the most important piece though. We will write a custom essay sample on Concussions in Sports or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sports doctors should also pull out players if there is a slight suspicion that the player has a concussion, or any kind of injury. This could hopefully minimize the long term injury to players in the end. However, players need to be honest if they’re not all together and can’t play effectively. Players should make sure to watch their health and attempt to play as safe as they can in games to avoid damage that can affect them in the future. Doctors should also pull players out when the player takes a hard hit, or a temporary substitution at the very least and make the player sit out for a few minutes.

Impact of Childcare on Young Children

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Childcare on Young Children. Answer: Introduction Over the last few decades, an increase has been determined in the number of young children in preschool settings, where children are left under non-parental care. It is also believed that 2/3 of the children are currently under non-parental care arrangements. On an average, a child spends 32 hours per week in such settings (Laughlin, 2010). Also such kind of transition occurs very fast after the birth of the child. The transition of childs life from parental care to non-parental care occurs very rapidly. The impact of child care is very significant as it affects the development of the child. Due to the rising trend and increasing number of working mothers, the children are entering the non-parental care, as early as in three months age. The findings of different studies related to early childhood health (Almond and Currie, 2010), and early education can pose a lasting effect on the mental and emotional development of children. The social functions of the children under non-parental c are are affected. The industrialized societies have marked an augmentation in the number of maternal employment in the last three decades. Different countries respond differently towards the non-parental childcare. In some countries it is the responsibility of the state, however some other countries it is private concern. The quality of the childcare is very diverse. This literature review is going to present the overview of the risks associated with childs social and emotional well-being under non-parental care. The literature review will present the impact of center based care on children. Literature Review The recent work of literature provides extensive evidences for the outcomes related to the incidence of infection, injuries to social-emotional health and cognitive development. The non-parental care emerges in two different forms (Bradley Vandell, 2007; Pianta et al., 2009). According to the literature the first forms is the center based care, which does not provide very favorable results for the children, as these centers provide adverse effects on the child development, which provide slight improvement in the mental ability of the children but increased behavior problems. Second, is the high quality care setting for children, which can be considered as favorable for the economically disadvantaged children? The families who are using non-parental care are different from those who are not using such care facilities, have not been fully accounted. According to the study done in Australia by Gray, Baxter Alexander (2008), it has been noticed that there have been an increase in the non-parental care. However, it was also found that families having a young child, who is breastfeeding, are more parent-care based. However, it do not suggest that involvement of father is more, thus mother organize their time according to their children. In this study it also stated that, parent care was the main choice and mother reduced her working hours or working as freelancers. The early relationship of the child and mother is considered as the foundation stone for the mental, emotional and social development. It also defines the later psychological development of the child. Thus, the first focus of the research is that does this early separation of mother and child by non-parental care can disturb this mother-child relationship. It has been found that prolonged separation of mother and child, due to this non-parental care can reduce the mothers ability to respond sensitively towards the child needs. In contrast, it results in reducing the childs confidence and consistency of the parents responsiveness. In the early life of childs, the separation from mother and the routine non-parental care can be linked with increased attachment insecurity in children and reduces maternal sensitivity. Some of the studies also explored that non-parental care has increased the injuries and communicable disease in children. It is often perceived that when a child is exposed to a larger group of people, the risks associated with pathogens increases in young children. The prolonged effect of the child care could be nil, as it may be possible that children who are under non-parental care from the early phase of life develop immunity against diseases. Yet it has also been observed that childhood illness and injuries have resulted in increased social cost. The work of Gordon et al., (2007), states that when a child spends more time in center based care and less in family based environment increases the risk of ear infection and respiratory problems. But, the impact of such disease diminishes as the child attains the age of three years, which indicates the immunizing effect of the early exposure. The second part of the research focus on the childrens behavioral development and cognitive ability, positive peer interaction, compliance and self control. For the childs early achievement, it is important that child must acquire such skills. The mental and behavioral functioning of the child in the childhood defines his personality in future. The early parental care allows the children to develop better cognitive and mental skills and attachment. However, in the non-parental care can be linked with weak bonding and interaction with peers, increased behavioral problems and underdeveloped cognitive skills. According to the study of Belsky et al. (2007), the center based care for the children increases the disruptive behavior that may persist in children throughout their childhood. According to Bernal Keane (2011), the same results are seen in the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. According to the attachment theory, a secure and healthy attachment of the child with family is derived by the mother and child relationship and availability of the mother. The availability of the mother also ensures secure attachment and secure childs appraisal. Availability of the mother stands for presence of mother and mother being accessible of the child. The lack of mothers accessibility induces feeling of loss or separation in children. The accessibility of the mother is defined in two forms, first is that child may be able to understand that lines of communication are open with mother and second is child must have the confidence that mother would respond to his or her needs (Kobak Madsen, 2008). As, the children, who are emotionally and physical attached to their mother, are able to tolerate physical distance in older age because they know that they have attachment with their mother. The early disruption in the physical accessibility of the child towards mother is also relat ed with maternal insensitivity, and disturbed socio-emotional and language development of child (Narea, 2014). According to Bowlby (2008), the center based care in the early childhood implies the separation of the child from mother for long hours and separation of the child from the primary attachment. Thus, the early experience of the child with non-parental center based care can disturb attachment bonds and gives adverse impact on the socio-emotional development. The study of Camilli, G. et al., 2010 provides database, which also includes quasi-experimental and randomized studies. This study verified the cognitive outcomes on children, which states that early childhood interventions and education interventions have significant impact on the cognitive development of children. Some of the researches explain that the impact of center based care and the childhood developmental outcomes are diverse, which depends upon the childs age and time that child spends in the center. Baker, Gruber and Milligan (2008), used the model called as differences in difference model; where the children from Canada were the control group. The children from Quebec were the treatment group. This study found out that publically funded non-parental care centers are responsible for providing negative impact on the social and motor skills of children between the ages 0 to three years. The significant decline of 10% was noticed in the standard deviation. This situation has been explained by the author that publically funded care centers have lead to more employment of mothers. This has essentially resulted in the decline of attachment and emotional relationship between child and parent, and it has also potentially reduced the parental health. Both the situations results in low child development. However, the study of Felfe and Lalive (2012), used the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) for their study and proved that very young children and those from deprived socio-economic background are benefited by the center based care. According to the study of Loeb et al. (2007), the average age of the children starting it center based care is 0-4 years. They found that children starting center based care at 2-4 years of age have positive and enhanced skills of readings and mathematics. Conclusion The literature review provides the details about the impact of center based care on the social, mental, emotional well-being of young children. The literature informs that center based care affects the development of the child by impacting the cognitive and social skills. The maternal separation at the young age may develop distress in the child and lack of emotional sensitivity in the mother. The quality of care is also an important factor, which children receive in center based care. However, some of the studies even state that center based care are beneficial for children who come from low deprived background. References Almond, D. Currie, J. (2010). Human capital development before age five. NBER Working Paper No. 15827. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research Baker, M., Gruber, J. Milligan, K., 2008. Universal Child Care, Maternal Labor Supply, and Family Well-Being. Journal of Political Economy, 116(4), pp.709 745. Bowlby, S.R., (2008). Attachment , what it is , why it is important and what we can do about it to help young children acquire a secure attachment QOC Volume. C. Clouder, B. Heys, M. Matthes, eds., Belgium: European Council for Steiner Waldorf Education and the Alliance for Childhood European Network Group 2009/10. Bernal, R. Keane, M. (2011). Child care choices and childrens cognitive achievement: The case of single mothers. Journal of Labor Economics, 29, 459-512. Belsky, J., Vandell, D. L., Burchinal, M., Clarke-Stewart, K. A., McCartney, K., Owen, M. T., et (2007). Are there long-term effects of early child care? Child Development, 78, 681701. Bradley, R. Vandell D.L. (2007). Child care and the well-being of children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 161, 669-676. Burger, K., (2010). How does early childhood care and education affect cognitive development? An international review of the effects of early interventions for children from different social backgrounds. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 25(2), pp.140165. Camilli, G. et al. (2010). Meta-Analysis of the effects of early education interventions on cognitive and social development. Teachers College Record, 112(3), pp.579620 Felfe, C. Lalive, R. (2012). Early child care and child development: For whom it works and why. , (7100), pp.144 Gordon, R., Kaestner, R., Korenman, S. (2007). The effects of maternal employment on child injuries and infectious disease. Demography, 44, 307-333. Gray, M., Baxter, J., Alexander, M. (2008). Parent-only care. A child care choice for working families? Family Matters, 79, 42-49. Australian Institute of Family Studies. Kobak, R., Madsen, S. (2008). Disruptions in attachment bonds: Implications for theory, research, and clinical intervention. Laughlin, L. (2010). Whos minding the kids? Child care Arrangements: Spring 2005/Summer Current Population Reports P70-121. Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau Loeb, S., Bridges, M., Bassok, D., Fuller, B., Rumberger, R. W. (2007). How much is too much? The influence of preschool centers on children's social and cognitive development.Economics of Education review,26(1), 52-66. Narea, M. (2014).Does early centre-based care have an impact on child cognitive and socio- emotional development? Evidence from Chile(No. case183). Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, LSE. Pianta, R., W. Steven Barnett, Margaret Burchinal, Kathy R. Thornburg. (2009). The Effects of preschool education: What we know, how public policy is or is not aligned with the evidence base, and what we need to know. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 10, 4988.